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    AS 2159-2009

    Current The latest, up-to-date edition.

    Piling - Design and installation

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    Published date:  04-11-2009

    Publisher:  Standards Australia

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    1 - AS 2159-2009 PILING-DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
    4 - PREFACE
    5 - CONTENTS
    7 - FOREWORD
    8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
    8 - 1.1 SCOPE
    8 - 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
    9 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
    9 - 1.3.1 Bored cast in place pile
    9 - 1.3.2 Cased pile
    9 - 1.3.3 Cone penetration test (CPT)
    9 - 1.3.4 Continuous flight auger pile (CFA)
    9 - 1.3.5 Design action
    10 - 1.3.6 Design action effect (Ed)
    10 - 1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (Rd,g)
    10 - 1.3.8 Design life
    10 - 1.3.9 Design serviceability load (Eds)
    10 - 1.3.10 Design structural strength (Rd,s)
    10 - 1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
    10 - 1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (Rd,us)
    10 - 1.3.13 Driven cast in place pile
    10 - 1.3.14 Driven preformed pile
    10 - 1.3.15 Durability
    10 - 1.3.16 End-bearing pile
    10 - 1.3.17 Footing
    10 - 1.3.18 Foundation
    10 - 1.3.19 Friction pile
    11 - 1.3.20 Ground anchor
    11 - 1.3.21 Large displacement piles
    11 - 1.3.22 Limit state
    11 - 1.3.23 Pile
    11 - 1.3.24 Pile group
    11 - 1.3.25 Pile head
    11 - 1.3.26 Pile heave
    11 - 1.3.27 Raking pile
    11 - 1.3.28 Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceability
    11 - 1.3.29 Set
    11 - 1.3.30 Small displacement piles
    11 - 1.3.31 Standard penetration test (SPT)
    11 - 1.3.32 Steel screw piles
    12 - 1.3.33 Temporary compression
    12 - 1.3.34 Test pile
    12 - 1.3.35 Test ultimate geotechnical strength (Rt,ug)
    12 - 1.3.36 Toe
    12 - 1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (Rug)
    12 - 1.4 NOTATION
    15 - 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
    15 - 1.5.1 General
    15 - 1.5.2 Displacement piles
    16 - 1.5.3 Non-displacement piles
    16 - 1.5.4 Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-displacement piles
    17 - SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION
    17 - 2.1 GENERAL
    17 - 2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED
    18 - SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
    18 - 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN
    18 - 3.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
    18 - 3.2.1 General
    18 - 3.2.2 Design for ultimate strength
    19 - 3.2.3 Design for serviceability
    19 - 3.2.4 Design for durability
    19 - 3.2.5 Design for other relevant requirements
    19 - 3.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
    19 - 3.3.1 Actions and loads
    20 - 3.3.2 Load combinations for strength design
    21 - 3.3.3 Load combinations for serviceability design
    22 - SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
    22 - 4.1 GENERAL
    22 - 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
    23 - 4.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN
    23 - 4.3.1 Design geotechnical strength
    24 - 4.3.2 Assessment of basic geotechnical strength reduction factor (φgb)
    26 - 4.3.3 Assessment of design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
    26 - 4.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH
    26 - 4.4.1 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in compression
    27 - 4.4.2 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in uplift
    28 - 4.4.3 Design ultimate geotechnical strength of a pile group in compression or uplift
    29 - 4.4.4 Combined pile and raft foundation
    29 - 4.4.5 Negative friction
    29 - 4.4.6 Soil swelling
    30 - 4.4.7 Design ultimate geotechnical strength for lateral loading
    30 - 4.4.8 Cyclic loading
    30 - 4.4.9 Dynamic loading
    31 - 4.4.10 Earthquake loading
    31 - 4.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
    31 - 4.5.1 Design actions
    31 - 4.5.2 Design criteria
    31 - 4.5.3 Deflection limits
    31 - 4.5.4 Geotechnical parameters for serviceability limit states
    31 - 4.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY
    31 - 4.6.1 Deflection of a pile
    31 - 4.6.2 Combined pile and raft footing
    32 - 4.6.3 Settlement due to negative friction
    32 - 4.6.4 Pile heave due to soil swelling
    33 - 4.6.5 Deflection due to cyclic, impact, dynamic, earthquake, torsional or other loads
    34 - SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
    34 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
    34 - 5.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH DESIGN
    34 - 5.2.1 Design structural strength
    34 - 5.2.2 Design bending moment (Md)
    35 - 5.2.3 Buckling of a pile
    35 - 5.2.4 Pile splice
    35 - 5.3 CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES
    35 - 5.3.1 General
    35 - 5.3.2 Cast in place piles
    36 - 5.3.3 Reinforcement requirement
    37 - 5.3.4 Partially reinforced pile
    37 - 5.3.5 Unreinforced piles
    37 - 5.3.6 Cast in place screw piles
    37 - 5.3.7 Lateral restraint of longitudinal reinforcement and tendons
    38 - 5.4 STEEL PILES
    38 - 5.4.1 General
    38 - 5.4.2 Steel screw piles
    38 - 5.5 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES
    39 - 5.6 TIMBER PILES
    39 - 5.6.1 General
    39 - 5.6.2 Timber pile splices
    39 - 5.6.3 Connection details
    40 - SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN
    40 - 6.1 GENERAL
    40 - 6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN
    40 - 6.3 ACID SULFATE SOILS
    41 - 6.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES
    41 - 6.4.1 General
    41 - 6.4.2 Exposure classification for concrete piles
    43 - 6.4.3 Durability requirements
    44 - 6.5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES
    44 - 6.5.1 General
    44 - 6.5.2 Exposure classification for steel piles
    46 - 6.5.3 Corrosion allowance for steel piles
    47 - 6.5.4 Coating protection systems
    47 - 6.5.5 Cathodic protection
    47 - 6.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES
    47 - 6.6.1 Design life
    47 - 6.6.2 Timber selection and treatment
    47 - 6.6.3 Timber preservation
    48 - 6.6.4 Treatment after cut-off
    48 - 6.6.5 Marine piles
    49 - SECTION 7 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
    49 - 7.1 GENERAL
    49 - 7.1.1 Concrete
    49 - 7.1.2 Grout
    49 - 7.1.3 Steel
    49 - 7.1.4 Timber
    49 - 7.2 TOLERANCES AND DEFECTS
    49 - 7.2.1 Positional tolerances
    49 - 7.2.2 Cut-off levels
    50 - 7.2.3 Trimming and capping
    50 - 7.2.4 Variation in pile depths
    50 - 7.2.5 Defective piles
    50 - 7.3 DISPLACEMENT PILES-PREFORMED
    50 - 7.3.1 Dimensional tolerances
    51 - 7.3.2 Handling and storage
    51 - 7.3.3 Installation by driving
    52 - 7.3.4 Installation by jacking
    53 - 7.3.5 Installation by screwing
    54 - 7.4 DISPLACEMENT PILES-DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE
    54 - 7.4.1 Dimensional accuracy
    54 - 7.4.2 Liners
    54 - 7.4.3 Construction
    55 - 7.5 DISPLACEMENT PILES-SCREWED CAST IN PLACE
    55 - 7.5.1 General
    55 - 7.5.2 Dimensional accuracy
    55 - 7.5.3 Construction
    56 - 7.5.4 Sampling and testing
    56 - 7.6 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
    56 - 7.6.1 Dimensional accuracy
    56 - 7.6.2 Support systems
    57 - 7.6.3 Excavation of the pile shaft
    57 - 7.6.4 Base and shaft preparation
    57 - 7.6.5 Construction
    58 - 7.6.6 Continuous flight auger piles
    59 - 7.7 RECORDS OF DATA
    59 - 7.7.1 Displacement piles
    60 - 7.7.2 Non-displacement piles
    62 - SECTION 8 TESTING
    62 - 8.1 SCOPE
    62 - 8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
    62 - 8.2.1 Selection and construction of test piles
    62 - 8.2.2 Effect of changed conditions
    62 - 8.2.3 Performance of the tests
    62 - 8.2.4 Requirement to test
    64 - 8.3 PILE LOAD TESTING
    64 - 8.3.1 Types of pile load testing
    64 - 8.3.2 Information required
    65 - 8.3.3 Test load
    66 - 8.3.4 Acceptance of piles
    66 - 8.3.5 Effects of test set-up
    67 - 8.4 STATIC LOAD TESTING
    67 - 8.4.1 Use of static loading
    67 - 8.4.2 Test procedure
    68 - 8.4.3 Acceptance criteria
    69 - 8.5 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
    69 - 8.5.1 General
    70 - 8.5.2 Acceptance criteria
    70 - 8.6 BI-DIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING
    70 - 8.6.1 General
    70 - 8.6.2 Performance criteria
    71 - 8.7 RAPID LOAD TESTING
    71 - 8.7.1 General
    71 - 8.7.2 Acceptance criteria
    71 - 8.8 INTEGRITY TESTING
    71 - 8.8.1 General
    71 - 8.8.2 Test procedure
    72 - 8.8.3 Acceptance criteria
    73 - APPENDIX A - STATIC LOAD TEST
    73 - A1 GENERAL
    73 - A2 PREPARATION AND APPARATUS
    73 - A2.1 Preparation for testing
    73 - A2.2 Reaction system
    74 - A2.3 Equipment for loading and test measurement
    76 - A3 LOADING PROGRESS AND RECORDING OF DATA
    76 - A3.1 General
    76 - A3.2 Load application
    78 - A3.3 Recording during the loading stages
    78 - A3.4 Recording during unloading stages
    79 - A4 REPORT
    80 - APPENDIX B - HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
    80 - B1 GENERAL
    80 - B2 PILE PREPARATION
    80 - B3 HAMMER ENERGY
    80 - B4 NEGATIVE FRICTION
    81 - B5 TIME AND PURPOSE OF TESTING
    81 - B6 APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC TESTING
    81 - B7 INSTRUMENTATION
    81 - B8 TEST PROCEDURE
    82 - B9 REPORT
    83 - APPENDIX C - RAPID PILE TESTING
    83 - C1 GENERAL
    83 - C2 DEFINITIONS
    83 - C2.1 Rapid force
    83 - C2.2 Wave speed
    83 - C2.3 Natural period
    83 - C3 SAFETY
    84 - C4 EQUIPMENT
    84 - C4.1 General
    84 - C4.2 Equipment using pressure of gases produced by combustion
    84 - C4.3 Equipment using a drop mass
    84 - C5 MEASURING SYSTEMS
    84 - C5.1 Measurement of force
    84 - C5.2 Measurement of pile movement
    85 - C5.3 Pile groups
    85 - C5.4 Measurement of acceleration
    85 - C6 RECORDING OF RESULTS
    85 - C7 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
    85 - C8 REPORT
    87 - APPENDIX D - INTEGRITY TESTING
    87 - D1 SCOPE
    87 - D2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
    87 - D2.1 Preparation for testing
    87 - D2.2 Time of testing
    87 - D2.3 Report
    88 - D3 PULSE ECHO METHOD
    88 - D3.1 General
    88 - D3.2 Site testing
    88 - D3.3 Signal processing
    88 - D4 VIBRATION METHOD
    88 - D4.1 General
    88 - D4.2 Site testing
    88 - D4.3 Signal processing
    89 - D5 IMPULSE RESPONSE METHOD
    89 - D5.1 General
    89 - D5.2 Site testing
    89 - D5.3 Signal processing
    89 - D6 SONIC LOGGING METHOD
    89 - D6.1 General
    89 - D6.2 Site testing
    90 - D6.3 Signal processing
    90 - D7 ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS
    91 - APPENDIX E - LIMIT STATES-SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
    92 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations.

    Scope - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations. It does not extend to offshore (deepwater) construction.NOTES:1 AS 5100 series should be considered for the design of footings for road bridges.2 Where the strength or serviceability of an existing structure is to be evaluated, the general principles of this Standard should be applied. The actual properties of the materials in the structure should be used.3 durability requirements are appropriate for structures with design life within (20% of the target design life.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Committee CE-018
    Document Type Standard
    Publisher Standards Australia
    Status Current
    Supersedes

    History - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    First published as AS 2159-1978.Second edition 1995.Third edition 2009. Originated as AS 2159-1978. Third edition 2009. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (October 2010).

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    AS 5100.2-2004 Bridge design - Design loads
    AS 2832.5-2008 Cathodic protection of metals Steel in concrete structures
    AS 1450-2007 Steel tubes for mechanical purposes (Reconfirmed 2017)
    AS 3600 SUPP 1-1994 Concrete structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 3600-1994)
    AS 1012.3.2-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Compacting factor test (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1012.14-1991 Methods of testing concrete Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength
    AS 1170.4 SUPP 1-1993 Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Earthquake loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 1170.4-1993)
    AS 1012.13-1992 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
    AS 4100-1998 Steel structures (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 1012.17-1997 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1012.12.2-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of hardened concrete - Water displacement method (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS/NZS 3679.2:1996 Structural steel - Welded I sections
    AS 1012.19.1-2000 Methods of testing concrete Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens - Hot water method (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1163-1991 Structural steel hollow sections
    AS 1012.3.4-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Compactibility index (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1012.10-2000 Methods of testing concrete Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders ('Brazil' or splitting test) (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 3972-1997 Portland and blended cements
    AS 3818.3-2001 Timber - Heavy structural products - Visually graded Piles
    AS 1012.4.2-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete
    AS 1379-2007 Specification and supply of concrete (Reconfirmed 2017)
    AS 1012.12.1-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of hardened concrete - Rapid measuring method (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 4100 SUPP 1-1999 Steel structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 4100-1998)
    AS 5100.6-2004 Bridge design - Steel and composite construction
    AS 1012.4.3-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring air volume when concrete dispersed in water
    AS 1012.11-2000 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the modulus of rupture (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1289.6.3.1-2004 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Soil strength and consolidation tests - Determination of the penetration resistance of a soil - Standard penetration test (SPT) (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 5604-2005 Timber - Natural durability ratings (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures Design methods
    AS 1170.4-2007 Structural design actions Earthquake actions in Australia (Reconfirmed 2018)
    AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural design actions General principles
    AS 1012.9-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of the compressive strength of concrete specimens
    AS 5100.3 SUPP 1-2008 Bridge design Foundations and soil-supporting structures - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.3-2004)
    AS 1012.4.1-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete - Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure
    AS 3735-2001 Concrete structures for retaining liquids
    AS 1012.16-1996 Methods of testing concrete Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1726-1993 Geotechnical site investigations
    AS 1012.20-1992 Methods of testing concrete Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates
    AS 5100.5 SUPP 1-2008 Bridge design Concrete - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.5 - 2004)
    AS 5100.7 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Rating of existing bridges - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.7-2004)
    AS 2758.1-1998 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes - Concrete aggregates
    AS 1289.6.5.1-1999 Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes Soil strength and consolidation tests - Determination of the static cone penetration resistance of a soil - Field test using a mechanical and electrical cone or friction-cone penetrometer (Reconfirmed 2013)
    AS 1012.8.2-2000 Methods of testing concrete Method for making and curing concrete - Flexure test specimens
    AS 3735 SUPP 1-2001 Concrete structures for retaining liquids - Commentary (Supplement to
    AS/NZS 4671:2001 Steel reinforcing materials
    AS 2832.2-2003 Cathodic protection of metals Compact buried structures
    AS/NZS 1554.1:2004 Structural steel welding Welding of steel structures
    AS 1604.1-2005 Specification for preservative treatment - Sawn and round timber
    AS 5100.2 SUPP 1-2007 Bridge design Design loads - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.2 - 2004)
    AS 1012.1-1993 Methods of testing concrete Sampling of fresh concrete
    AS/NZS 2312:2002 Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric corrosion by the use of protective coatings
    AS 1012.21-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS/NZS 3678:1996 Structural steel - Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs
    AS/NZS 3679.1:1996 Structural steel Hot-rolled bars and sections
    AS 5100.4 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Bearings and deck joints - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.4-2004)
    AS 5100.1-2004 Bridge design - Scope and general principles
    AS 1012.3.3-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Vebe test (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 1012.2-1994 Methods of testing concrete Preparation of concrete mixes in the laboratory
    AS 5100.1 SUPP 1-2006 Bridge design Scope and general principles - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.1-2004)
    AS/NZS 1594:2002 Hot-rolled steel flat products (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 5100.4-2004 Bridge design Bearings and deck joints
    AS 2832.3-2005 Cathodic protection of metals Fixed immersed structures
    AS 5100.7-2004 Bridge design - Rating of existing bridges
    AS 1012.18-1996 Methods of testing concrete Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS 5100.6 SUPP 1-2007 Bridge design Steel and composite construction - Commentary (Supplement to AS 5100.6 - 2004)
    AS 1012.6-1999 Methods of testing concrete Method for the determination of bleeding of concrete
    AS 5100.5-2004 Bridge design - Concrete
    AS 5100.3-2004 Bridge design Foundations and soil supporting structures
    AS 3600-2001 Concrete structures
    AS 1012.3.1-1998 Methods of testing concrete Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete - Slump test
    AS 1012.19.2-2000 Methods of testing concrete Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens - Warm water method (Reconfirmed 2014)
    AS/NZS 1170.1:2002 Structural design actions Permanent, imposed and other actions
    AS 1579-2001 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and wastewater (Reconfirmed 2018)
    AS 1012.8.1-2000 Methods of testing concrete Method for making and curing concrete - Compression and indirect tensile test specimens
    AS 1012.5-1999 Methods of testing concrete Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    AS/NZS 7000:2016 Overhead line design
    AS 4312:2019 Atmospheric corrosivity zones in Australia
    AS 2870-2011 Residential slabs and footings
    AS/NZS 7000:2010 Overhead line design - Detailed procedures
    AS 3818.3-2010 Timber - Heavy structural products - Visually graded Piles
    AS 5100.3:2017 Bridge design Foundation and soil-supporting structures
    View more information

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