AS 60146.1.2-2002

1 - AS 60146.1.2-2002 SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTERS - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTERS-APPLICATION GUIDE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
11 - Section 1 - General
11 - 1.1 Scope
11 - 1.2 Application of semiconductor power converters
11 - 1.2.1 Conversion equipment
12 - 1.2.2 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power)
12 - 1.3 Equipment specification data
12 - 1.3.1 Main items of the specification
12 - 1.3.2 Additional information
13 - 1.3.3 Unusual service conditions
13 - 1.4 Converter transformers and reactors
13 - 1.5 Calculation factors
13 - 1.5.1 Voltage ratios
14 - 1.5.2 Line side transformer current factor
14 - 1.5.3 Valve-side transformer current factor
14 - 1.5.4 Voltage regulation
17 - 1.5.5 Magnetic circuit
17 - 1.5.6 Power loss factor
17 - 1.6 Parallel and series connections
17 - 1.6.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices
17 - 1.6.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units
18 - 1.7 Power factor
18 - 1.7.1 General
19 - 1.7.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor
20 - 1.7.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor ...
20 - 1.7.4 Calculation of the displacement factor...
22 - 1.7.5 Conversion factor
23 - 1.8 Direct voltage regulation
23 - 1.8.1 Inherent direct voltage regulation
25 - 1.8.2 Direct voltage regulation due to a.c. system impedance
28 - 1.8.3 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about direct voltage regulation of the converter
28 - 1.9 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode
29 - 1.10 A.C. voltage waveform
31 - Section 2 - Definitions
31 - 2.1 Definitions related to converter faults
31 - 2.1.1 Conduction through (shoot through) (IEV 551-05-58, modified)
31 - 2.1.2 Firing failure (IEV 551-05-57, modified)
31 - 2.1.3 Breakthrough (IEV 551-05-53, modified)
31 - 2.1.4 Breakdown (IEV 551-05-59, modified)
31 - 2.1.5 False firing (IEV 551-05-56, modified)
31 - 2.1.6 Commutation failure (IEV 551-05-52, modified)
31 - 2.2 Definitions related to converter generated transients
31 - 2.2.1 D.C. side transients
31 - 2.2.2 Commutation transients on the line (repetitive transients)
33 - Section 3 - Application information
33 - 3.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters
33 - 3.1.1 Assumptions
33 - 3.1.2 Preliminary calculations
34 - 3.1.3 Calculation of the operating conditions
36 - 3.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads
36 - 3.2.1 Fundamental voltage change
37 - 3.2.2 Minimum RSC requirements for voltage change
37 - 3.2.3 Converter transformer ratio
38 - 3.2.4 Transformer rating
39 - 3.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption
39 - 3.3.1 Average reactive power consumption
39 - 3.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power
40 - 3.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation
40 - 3.4 Direct voltage harmonic content
41 - 3.5 Supply voltage distortion
41 - 3.5.1 Commutation notches
43 - 3.5.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line
44 - 3.6 Quantities on the line side
44 - 3.6.1 R.M.S. value of the line current
45 - 3.6.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters
46 - 3.6.3 Minimum RSC requirements for harmonic distortion
47 - 3.6.4 Calculation of the harmonic current spectrum
49 - 3.6.5 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents
49 - 3.6.6 Addition of harmonic currents
49 - 3.6.7 Peak and average harmonic spectrum
49 - 3.6.8 Transformer phase shift
50 - 3.6.9 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters
50 - 3.7 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion
50 - 3.7.1 Resonant frequency
50 - 3.7.2 Directly connected capacitor bank
51 - 3.7.3 Estimation of the resonant frequency
52 - 3.7.4 Detuning reactor
53 - 3.7.5 Ripple control frequencies (Carrier frequencies)
53 - 3.8 Other considerations
53 - 3.8.1 Random control angle
54 - 3.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability
54 - 3.8.3 Harmonic filters
54 - 3.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables
54 - 3.9 Calculation of d.c. short-circuit current of converters
55 - 3.10 Guide-lines for the selection of the immunity class
55 - 3.10.1 Converter immunity class
55 - 3.10.2 Selection of the immunity class
59 - Section 4 - Test requirements
59 - 4.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test
59 - 4.1.1 Single-phase connections
59 - 4.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections
59 - 4.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections
59 - 4.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method
60 - 4.3 Test methods
60 - 4.3.1 Method A1
61 - 4.3.2 Method B
61 - 4.3.3 Method C
61 - 4.3.4 Method D
63 - 4.3.5 Method E
64 - 4.3.6 Method A2
65 - Section 5 - Performance requirements
65 - 5.1 Presentation of rated peak load current values
66 - 5.2 Definitions and letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature
66 - 5.2.1 Letter symbols
67 - 5.2.2 Thermal resistance Rth
67 - 5.2.3 Transient thermal impedance Zth
67 - 5.2.4 Virtual junction temperature...
67 - 5.3 Determination of peak load capability through calculation of the virtual junction temperature
68 - 5.3.1 Approximation of the shape of power pulses applied to the semiconductor device
69 - 5.3.2 The superposition method for calculation of temperature
69 - 5.3.3 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load
71 - 5.3.4 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads
72 - 5.3.5 Calculation of virtual junction temperature for a few typical applications
72 - 5.4 Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter elements
74 - Section 6 - Converter operation
74 - 6.1 Stabilization
74 - 6.2 Static properties
74 - 6.3 Dynamic properties of the control system
74 - 6.4 Mode of operation of single and double converters
74 - 6.4.1 Single converter connection
76 - 6.4.2 Double converter connections and limits for rectifier and inverter operation
77 - 6.5 Transition current
78 - 6.6 Suppression of direct current circulation in double converter connections
78 - 6.6.1 Limitation of delay angles
78 - 6.6.2 Controlled circulating current
78 - 6.6.3 Blocking of trigger pulses
79 - 6.7 Principle of operation for reversible converters for control of d.c. motors
79 - 6.7.1 Motor field reversal
79 - 6.7.2 Motor armature reversal by reversing switch
79 - 6.7.3 Double converter connection to motor armature
81 - Section 7 - Converter faults
81 - 7.1 General
81 - 7.2 Fault finding
82 - Annex A - Bibliography

Gives guidance on variations to AS 60146.1.1-2002 to enable that Standard to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. This Standard has been reproduced from and is technically identical to IEC 60146-1-2:1991.

This report gives guidance on variations to the specifications in IEC 146-1-1 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points which should facilitate the use of IEC 146-1-1.This report primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data.

First published as part of AS 1955.1-1977.
Revised and redesignated in part as AS 60146.1.2-2002.