AS/NZS 2772.2:2011

1 - AS/NZS 2772.2:2011 RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS - PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTATION-3 KHZ TO 300 GHZ
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
9 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
10 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
10 - 1.3.1 Antenna
10 - 1.3.2 Antenna aperture
10 - 1.3.3 Antenna array
10 - 1.3.4 Antenna directivity
10 - 1.3.5 Antenna-effective aperture or effective area
10 - 1.3.6 Antenna factor
10 - 1.3.7 Antenna gain (absolute gain in a given direction)
11 - 1.3.8 Antenna gain, partial (for a given polarization)
11 - 1.3.9 Antenna lobe
11 - 1.3.10 Antenna pattern
11 - 1.3.11 Basic restrictions
11 - 1.3.12 Compliance
11 - 1.3.13 Compliance boundary
11 - 1.3.14 Conductivity (σ)
11 - 1.3.15 Contact current (Ic)
12 - 1.3.16 Current density (J)
12 - 1.3.17 Current probe
12 - 1.3.18 Decibel (dB)
12 - 1.3.19 Diode
12 - 1.3.20 Dipole
12 - 1.3.21 Duty factor
12 - 1.3.22 Electric field strength (E)
12 - 1.3.23 Electromagnetic field (EMF)
12 - 1.3.24 EME, EMR
13 - 1.3.25 Equivalent plane wave power flux density (Seq)
13 - 1.3.26 Fixed RF source
13 - 1.3.27 Half-power beamwidth
13 - 1.3.28 Impedance (Z)
13 - 1.3.29 Incident power flux density (Sinc)
13 - 1.3.30 Integral antenna
13 - 1.3.31 Internal electric field strength (Eint)
13 - 1.3.32 Isotropic
13 - 1.3.33 Limb current (IL)
14 - 1.3.34 Linearity
14 - 1.3.35 Localized SAR
14 - 1.3.36 Magnetic field strength (H)
14 - 1.3.37 Mobile or portable radio communication device
14 - 1.3.38 Microwaves
14 - 1.3.39 Modulation
14 - 1.3.40 Multi-path transmission (radio propagation)
14 - 1.3.41 Occupational limits
14 - 1.3.42 Permittivity (ε)
14 - 1.3.43 Phantom
14 - 1.3.44 Polarization (radiated wave)
15 - 1.3.45 Power flux density (S)
15 - 1.3.46 Poynting vector (S)
15 - 1.3.47 Probe
15 - 1.3.48 Public limits
15 - 1.3.49 Radiation
15 - 1.3.50 Radiofrequency
15 - 1.3.51 Reactive field
15 - 1.3.52 Reference levels
15 - 1.3.53 Re-radiated field
15 - 1.3.54 RF emitter
15 - 1.3.55 RF exposure
15 - 1.3.56 RF field strength meter
16 - 1.3.57 RF personal monitor
16 - 1.3.58 Root mean square (rms)
16 - 1.3.59 Specific absorption (SA)
16 - 1.3.60 Specific absorption rate (SAR)
16 - 1.3.61 Standing wave
16 - 1.3.62 Uncertainty
16 - 1.3.63 Unperturbed field
16 - 1.3.64 Whole body average SAR
17 - 1.4 ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS
18 - SECTION 2 SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS
19 - SECTION 3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT PROCESSES
19 - 3.1 GENERAL
19 - 3.2 ASSESSOR COMPETENCY
20 - 3.3 ASSESSMENT PROCESS OVERVIEW
20 - 3.4 DEFINITION OF ASSESSMENT TASK
21 - 3.5 DETERMINATION OF SOURCE AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS
21 - 3.6 DETERMINATION OF APPLICABLE EXPOSURE LIMITS
22 - 3.7 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
22 - 3.7.1 General
22 - 3.7.2 Safety requirements
22 - 3.7.3 RF exposure evaluation not required
23 - 3.8 CHOICE OF ASSESSMENT METHOD (MEASUREMENT OR COMPUTATION)
23 - 3.9 ASSESSMENT BY MEASUREMENT
23 - 3.9.1 General
24 - 3.9.2 Choice of measurement technique
24 - 3.9.3 Measurement procedures
24 - 3.9.4 Post-processing and finalizing results
25 - 3.10 ASSESSMENT BY COMPUTATION
25 - 3.10.1 General
26 - 3.10.2 Finalizing computation results
26 - 3.11 REPORTING OF RESULTS
28 - SECTION 4 POST-PROCESSING
28 - 4.1 GENERAL
28 - 4.2 SPATIAL AVERAGING
28 - 4.3 SIMULTANEOUS EXPOSURE TO MULTIPLE FREQUENCY FIELDS
28 - 4.4 EXTRAPOLATION
30 - SECTION 5 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION
30 - 5.1 GENERAL
30 - 5.2 TEST INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
30 - 5.3 CALIBRATION LABORATORY REQUIREMENTS
31 - 5.4 RECOMMENDED INTERVALS OF CALIBRATION
31 - 5.5 PERIODIC CHECKING OF INSTRUMENTATION
31 - 5.6 VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
32 - 5.7 CHECKING AND REVERIFICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
33 - SECTION 6 UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION
33 - 6.1 REQUIREMENT FOR UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
33 - 6.2 REPORTING OF ASSESSMENT RESULTS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES
33 - 6.3 THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENTS
35 - APPENDIX A - RF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION AND DESIRABLE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
35 - A1 PERSONAL MONITORS
36 - A2 E, H AND S BROADBAND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
36 - A2.1 Instrumentation for external field measurements
36 - A2.2 Field strength power density meters
36 - A2.3 Instrument types for external field measurements
36 - A2.4 Diode rectifier
37 - A2.5 Thermocouple devices
38 - A2.6 Continuous film type devices
38 - A2.7 Active antenna
38 - A2.8 Displacement current sensors
39 - A2.9 Electro-optical (photonic) sensors
39 - A2.10 Combined electric and magnetic field probes
39 - A2.11 Shaped-frequency response
39 - A3 E, H AND S FREQUENCY SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
39 - A3.1 Receivers and spectrum analysers
39 - A3.2 Spectrum analysers
40 - A3.3 Portable spectrum analyser with broadband probe
40 - A3.4 Tuneable field strength meters
40 - A3.5 Calibrated antennas
40 - A3.6 Coaxial cables
41 - A4 CURRENT MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
41 - A4.1 Current measurements
41 - A4.2 Broadband instrumentation-Desirable performance characteristics
41 - A5 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
41 - A5.1 Portability
41 - A5.2 Durability
41 - A5.3 Effects of temperature
41 - A5.4 Display
41 - A5.5 Adjustments
41 - A5.6 Ease of use
41 - A6 ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
41 - A6.1 Power supply
42 - A6.2 Polarization factor
42 - A6.3 Display units
42 - A6.4 Dynamic range and frequency range
42 - A6.5 Coupling and response to other radiations
42 - A6.6 Shielding
42 - A6.7 Out-of-band response
42 - A6.8 Modulation
43 - A6.9 Static electricity
43 - A6.10 Recorder output
43 - A6.11 Response time
43 - A6.12 Special features
43 - A6.13 Stability
44 - APPENDIX B - FIELD REGIONS
45 - APPENDIX C - MEASUREMENT
45 - C1 GENERAL
45 - C2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
45 - C3 SURVEY PRECAUTIONS
45 - C4 LEAKAGE SURVEY PRECAUTIONS
46 - C5 GENERAL MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS
46 - C6 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE METHOD
46 - C7 BROADBAND METHOD
47 - C8 FACTORS INFLUENCING MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
47 - C9 GENERAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
47 - C9.1 General
47 - C9.2 General measurement approach
48 - C9.3 Near-field measurement
48 - C9.4 Leakage radiation
49 - C10 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE MEASUREMENT
49 - C10.1 General
49 - C10.2 Frequency-selective system overview
50 - C11 SPECTRUM ANALYSER CONSIDERATIONS
51 - C12 ANTENNAS AND CABLES
51 - C13 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
51 - C13.1 General
52 - C13.2 Induced and contact current limits
54 - C13.3 Limb current measurements
54 - C13.4 Contact current measurements
54 - C14 TOUCH AND LIMB CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
54 - C14.1 General
55 - C14.2 Freestanding measurements
55 - C14.3 Measurements while making contact with RF energized conductors
57 - APPENDIX D - UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES
57 - D1 GENERAL APPROACH
59 - D2 EXAMPLE INFLUENCE QUANTITIES FOR E AND H FIELD MEASUREMENTS
59 - D2.1 General
59 - D2.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement equipment
60 - D2.3 Frequency response of the field probe
62 - D2.4 Isotropicity variation of the field probe
62 - D2.5 Temperature and humidity response of the instrument
63 - D2.6 Linearity deviation of the field probe
63 - D2.7 Mismatch uncertainty
63 - D2.8 Mental averaging of meter fluctuations for modulated sources
64 - D2.9 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source
64 - D2.10 Uncertainty due to variation in the location of the field probe
64 - D2.11 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the measurer
66 - D2.12 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the environment
66 - D3 EXAMPLE INFLUENCE QUANTITIES FOR E AND H FIELD CALCULATIONS
66 - D3.1 General
66 - D3.2 Accuracy of the modelling technique
68 - D3.3 Radiated power of the antenna
68 - D3.4 Gain of the antenna
69 - D3.5 Scattering effects from nearby objects and the ground
69 - D4 EXAMPLE UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT SHEETS
69 - D5 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
77 - APPENDIX E - RF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
77 - E1 INTRODUCTION
77 - E2 APPLICABILITY
78 - E3 CALCULATION METHODS
78 - E3.1 Basic formulas
78 - E3.2 Estimating far-fields
79 - E3.3 Estimating radiating near-fields
84 - E3.4 Scanning correction
85 - E4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FIELD VALUES AND SAR USING FULL WAVE TECHNIQUES
85 - E4.1 Fields
86 - E4.2 SAR
86 - E5 VALIDATION
86 - E5.1 General
87 - E5.2 Internal checks
87 - E5.3 External checks
88 - E6 UNCERTAINTY
88 - E6.1 General
88 - E6.2 Ray tracing
88 - E6.3 Full wave modelling
88 - E7 REFERENCE MATERIAL
89 - E8 OTHER USEFUL MATERIAL
90 - APPENDIX F - FACTORS INFLUENCING MEASUREMENT ACCURACY
90 - F1 GENERAL
90 - F2 SPURIOUS RESPONSES
90 - F3 LEAD PICK-UP
90 - F4 THERMOELECTRIC LEAD EFFECT
90 - F5 ELECTROSTATIC PICK-UP
91 - F6 COUPLING INTO PROBES
91 - F7 STATIC CHARGE FIELDS
91 - F8 OUT-OF-BAND RESPONSES
92 - F9 PULSE MODULATION
92 - F10 PERTURBATION
92 - F11 INSTRUMENTATION USAGE CONSIDERATIONS
94 - APPENDIX G - OTHER HAZARDS AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
94 - G1 GENERAL
94 - G2 PRECAUTIONS IN THE SURVEY PROCESS
94 - G3 RADIATION SYSTEMS SURVEY PRECAUTIONS
94 - G4 LEAKAGE SURVEY PRECAUTIONS
95 - G5 HAZARDS NOT DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SURVEY
97 - APPENDIX H - EXAMPLE RF MEASUREMENT OF AN RF WELDER
100 - APPENDIX I - EXAMPLE MOBILE TELEPHONE BASE STATION ASSESSMENT
100 - I1 GENERAL
100 - I2 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
100 - I2.1 Site operator information
100 - I2.2 Site environment
101 - I2.3 Exposure safety limits
102 - I3 ASSESSMENT PLAN
102 - I3.1 Pre-assessment review
104 - I3.2 Select assessment method
104 - I3.3 Complete the assessment plan
105 - I3.4 General methodology-Field evaluation spatially averaged
105 - I4 RESULTS
105 - I4.1 Results summary-Desktop computer modelling
107 - I4.2 Measurement Results summary
108 - I4.3 Interpretation of Results
108 - I5 ASSESSMENT REPORT-UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS SPATIALLY AVERAGED FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENT
111 - I6 SAMPLE MEASUREMENT SCANS
112 - I7 CONCLUSIONS

Specifies techniques and instrumentation for the assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in both near-field and far-field situations in the frequency range 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Assessments can be performed through measurement or computation for the purpose of demonstrating compliance or non compliance to the human exposure Reference Levels such as those of the ARPANSA Standard RPS3 and NZS 2772.1. It also describes the process for making computations of quantities for comparison with Basic Restrictions. This Standard does not address the measurement of the Basic Restrictions described in RPS3 and NZS 2772.1 such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and induced current density.

This Standard specifies requirements for, and provides guidance on, assessing compliance with the exposure limits of radio frequency (RF) safety standards such as ARPANSA Standard RPS3 or New Zealand Standard NZS 2772.1. This includes methodologies for making an assessment (by measurement or computation) of human exposure to ambient RF fields and induced body currents in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz. This Standard also sets out processes for calculating the basic restrictions quantities (such as specific absorption rate and induced current density) in the relevant standards, but does not address their measurement. This Standard may also be used as a guide for making low-level environmental exposure assessments in areas around RF sources, or for other purposes.This Standard provides appropriate methodologies, including measurement techniques and instrumentation selection, computational techniques and the determination of assessment uncertainty and its use in assessing compliance with applicable exposure limits.The assessment methodologies provided in this Standard may be applied for all types of RF exposure situations including exposure to-leakage fields;radiated fields; andreactive fields. Leakage fields generally imply unintentional leakage of energy, whereas radiated fields are considered primarily to be intentionally radiated RF fields. Reactive fields are present in the immediate vicinity of all sources or re-radiating objects.This Standard is applicable to the compliance assessment of RF exposures from most kinds of RF sources including-(i)broadcast installations;(ii)cellular base stations;(iii)radio-communications facilities;(iv)radar installations;(v)medical applications such as diathermy machines;(vi)industrial applications, including RF welders, heaters and induction heaters; and (vii)scientific applications.Assessment methodologies may vary for different frequency ranges.While this Standard applies to frequencies from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, it should be noted that most measurements are likely to be made at frequencies between 100 kHz and 60 GHz.

Originated in Australia as AS 2772.2 1988.
Jointly revised and designated as AS/NZS 2772.2:2011.