AS/NZS 2832.1:1998

1 - AS/NZS 2832.1:1998 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF METALS - PIPES AND CABLES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
8 - FOREWORD
9 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
9 - 1.1 SCOPE
9 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
10 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
10 - 1.3.1 Anaerobic
10 - 1.3.2 Anode (in general)
10 - 1.3.3 Anode screen
10 - 1.3.4 Anode shield
10 - 1.3.5 Back e.m.f.
10 - 1.3.6 Bond (electrical)
10 - 1.3.7 Bond (coating)
10 - 1.3.8 Cathode
10 - 1.3.9 Cathodic disbonding
11 - 1.3.10 Cathodic protection
11 - 1.3.11 Converter
11 - 1.3.12 Copper/copper sulfate (Cu/CuSO4) reference electrode
11 - 1.3.13 Corrosion
11 - 1.3.14 Corrosion cell anode
11 - 1.3.15 Corrosion current
11 - 1.3.16 Coupon
11 - 1.3.17 Current density (at anode)
11 - 1.3.18 Current density (at cathode)
11 - 1.3.19 Current density (at coated cathode)
11 - 1.3.20 Earth (noun)
11 - 1.3.21 Earth (verb)
11 - 1.3.22 Electrode
11 - 1.3.23 Electrode potential
11 - 1.3.24 Electrolyte
11 - 1.3.25 Extra low voltage (ELV)
11 - 1.3.26 Ferrous metal structure
11 - 1.3.27 Foreign (secondary) structure
11 - 1.3.28 Galvanic action
11 - 1.3.29 Galvanic anode
11 - 1.3.30 Half-cell
11 - 1.3.31 Impressed current
11 - 1.3.32 Impressed current anode
11 - 1.3.33 Instantaneous off-potential
12 - 1.3.34 Insulating joint (isolating joint)
12 - 1.3.35 Interference
12 - 1.3.36 Interrupter
12 - 1.3.37 IR drop
12 - 1.3.38 Loop resistance
12 - 1.3.39 Overprotection
12 - 1.3.40 Polarization
12 - 1.3.41 Polarization cell
12 - 1.3.42 Polarized potential
12 - 1.3.43 Primary structure
12 - 1.3.44 Protective potential
12 - 1.3.45 Protective current
12 - 1.3.46 Reference electrode
12 - 1.3.47 Resistance potential
12 - 1.3.48 Resistance probe
12 - 1.3.49 Silver/silver chloride reference electrode
12 - 1.3.50 Stray current
12 - 1.3.51 Structure
12 - 1.3.52 Structure potential
13 - 1.3.53 Structure potential shift
13 - 1.3.54 Sulfate-reducing bacteria
13 - 1.3.55 Telluric current
13 - 1.3.56 Test point
13 - 1.3.57 Transformer/rectifier (converter)
13 - 1.4 COMPETENCE OF PERSONNEL
14 - SECTION 2 CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
14 - 2.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
14 - 2.1.1 Scope
14 - 2.1.2 General
14 - 2.2 PROTECTION CRITERIA
14 - 2.2.1 General
14 - 2.2.2 Potential criteria
16 - 2.2.3 100 mV polarization decay criterion
16 - 2.2.4 Alternative criteria
16 - 2.3 OVERPROTECTION
17 - SECTION 3 MEASURING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
17 - 3.1 GENERAL
17 - 3.2 POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT AND EQUIPMENT
17 - 3.2.1 General
17 - 3.2.2 Positioning of monitoring electrodes
18 - 3.2.3 Off-potential measurements
19 - SECTION 4 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
19 - 4.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
19 - 4.1.1 Scope
19 - 4.1.2 General
19 - 4.2 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
19 - 4.3 COATED AND UNCOATED STRUCTURES
19 - 4.4 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND DISTURBANCES
20 - 4.5 TEST POINTS
20 - 4.5.1 General
21 - 4.5.2 Spacing
21 - 4.5.3 Location
21 - 4.5.4 In situ reference electrodes
21 - 4.6 INSULATING JOINTS (ISOLATING JOINTS)
22 - 4.7 ROAD AND RAIL CROSSINGS
23 - 4.8 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
23 - 4.9 ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY
24 - SECTION 5 DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
24 - 5.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
24 - 5.1.1 Scope
24 - 5.1.2 General
24 - 5.2 SAFETY HAZARDS
25 - 5.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
25 - 5.4 DESIGN DATA
25 - 5.4.1 General
25 - 5.4.2 Structure layout
25 - 5.4.3 Cathodic protection current requirements
25 - 5.4.4 Environment resistivity
25 - 5.4.5 Anode characteristics
26 - 5.5 MATERIALS
26 - 5.5.1 General
26 - 5.5.2 d.c. cables
26 - 5.5.3 Test cables
26 - 5.5.4 Anodes
26 - 5.5.5 Reference electrodes
26 - 5.5.6 Electrical isolation joints
27 - 5.6 TEST POINTS
27 - 5.7 REFERENCES
27 - 5.8 ELECTRICAL EARTHING
27 - 5.9 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
28 - SECTION 6 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO STRAY DIRECT TRACTION CURRENT
28 - 6.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
28 - 6.1.1 Scope
28 - 6.1.2 General
28 - 6.2 MINIMIZATION OF STRAY CURRENT EFFECTS
28 - 6.2.1 General
28 - 6.2.2 Minimization of track leakage current at its source
28 - 6.2.3 Mitigation of stray current pick-up and discharge from the structure
29 - 6.2.4 Mitigation of stray current discharge using traction current drainage
30 - SECTION 7 INSTALLATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
30 - 7.1 SCOPE
30 - 7.2 APPROVAL TO INSTALL
30 - 7.3 INSTALLATION PRACTICE
30 - 7.4 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
30 - 7.4.1 General
31 - 7.4.2 Anodes
31 - 7.4.3 Cables
31 - 7.4.4 Transformer-rectifier equipment
31 - 7.4.5 Prefabricated insulated joints
31 - 7.5 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODE SYSTEMS
31 - 7.5.1 Buried anodes
32 - 7.5.2 Immersed anodes
32 - 7.6 INSTALLATION OF IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE SYSTEMS
32 - 7.6.1 Cabling
32 - 7.6.2 Anodes and groundbed
32 - 7.6.3 Transformer-rectifier (converter)
32 - 7.7 INSTALLATION OF INSULATED FLANGES, JOINTS AND COUPLINGS
34 - SECTION 8 CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE WITH FOREIGN STRUCTURES
34 - 8.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
34 - 8.1.1 Scope
34 - 8.1.2 General
34 - 8.2 STATUTORY REGULATIONS
34 - 8.3 MINIMIZATION OF INTERFERENCE CURRENT
34 - 8.3.1 Design of the system
35 - 8.3.2 Methods of minimizing interference currents
35 - 8.3.3 Detection of interference levels
36 - 8.3.4 Control of interference
38 - SECTION 9 COMMISSIONING OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
38 - 9.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
38 - 9.1.1 Scope
38 - 9.1.2 General
38 - 9.2 PRE-ENERGIZATION TESTING
38 - 9.3 SYSTEM OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT
39 - 9.4 POST-ENERGIZATION TESTS
39 - 9.5 RECORDS
39 - 9.6 OPERATION MANUALS
40 - SECTION 10 OPERATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
40 - 10.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
40 - 10.1.1 Scope
40 - 10.1.2 General
40 - 10.2 SYSTEM OPERATION CHECKS
40 - 10.2.1 Impressed current systems
40 - 10.2.2 Galvanic anode installations
40 - 10.2.3 Current drainage systems
40 - 10.3 STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
41 - 10.4 CATHODIC PROTECTION POTENTIAL SURVEYS
41 - 10.5 SYSTEM RE-APPROVAL
41 - 10.6 RECORDS
42 - SECTION 11 DOCUMENTATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
42 - 11.1 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
42 - 11.2 COMMISSIONING DOCUMENTATION
43 - APPENDIX A - GUIDANCE ON THE GENERAL USE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION
43 - A1 SCOPE
43 - A2 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS
43 - A3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CORROSION OF BURIED OR PARTIALLY BURIED METALLIC STRUCTURES
44 - A4 TELLURIC EFFECTS
47 - APPENDIX B - THE MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIALS USING THE INSTANTANEOUS OFF-POTENTIAL METHOD
47 - B1 GENERAL
47 - B2 MEASUREMENT OF POLARIZATION POTENTIAL
48 - B3 MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIAL BY POLARIZED POTENTIAL TECHNIQUES
49 - APPENDIX C - COUPONS AND RESISTANCE PROBES
49 - C1 GENERAL
49 - C2 COUPON
49 - C3 RESISTANCE PROBE
49 - C4 COUPON AND PROBE USE
50 - C5 INSTALLATION
51 - APPENDIX D - CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF REFERENCE ELECTRODES
51 - D1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
51 - D1.1 Scope
51 - D1.2 General
51 - D2 CALIBRATION
51 - D3 MAINTENANCE
53 - APPENDIX E - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
54 - APPENDIX F - COATINGS FOR USE WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
54 - F1 GENERAL
54 - F2 COATING PROPERTIES
55 - F3 COATING CHOICE
55 - F4 COATING LIFE
57 - APPENDIX G - ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ON LONG STRUCTURES-INTERACTION WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
57 - G1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
57 - G1.1 Scope
57 - G1.2 General
57 - G2 HAZARD MECHANISMS
57 - G2.1 General
58 - G2.2 Low frequency induction (LFI) (See Figure G1)
60 - G2.3 Earth potential rise (EPR)
61 - G2.4 Capacitive coupling
62 - G2.5 Lightning
62 - G2.6 Interaction of electrical protection with CP
63 - G3 FARADAY CAGES
63 - G4 OTHER HAZARDS
64 - APPENDIX H - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
64 - H1 SCOPE
64 - H2 DETERMINATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION CURRENT REQUIREMENTS
64 - H2.1 General
64 - H2.2 Prediction of current requirement from design parameters
64 - H2.3 Determination of current requirement by field test on existing structures
65 - H3 ANODE ARRANGEMENTS
65 - H3.1 General
66 - H3.2 Calculation of appropriate anode/structure separation
66 - H3.3 Anode positioning
66 - H3.4 Anode positioning details
67 - H4 ANODE MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
67 - H5 GALVANIC ANODES
68 - H6 CALCULATION OF ANODE OUTPUT CURRENT
69 - H7 POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS
69 - H8 BACKFILLS
69 - H8.1 Electronic conduction backfills
69 - H8.2 Electrolytic conduction backfills
70 - H9 PROVISION FOR STRAY CURRENTS
70 - H10 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
72 - APPENDIX I - EXAMPLE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION FOR PIPELINES
73 - APPENDIX J - GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS RELATING TO CATHODIC PROTECTION
74 - APPENDIX K - CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE CURRENTS-LIST OF ELECTROLYSIS COMMITTEES
75 - APPENDIX L - STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
75 - L1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGULARITY OF STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
75 - L2 LOCATION OF TEST POINTS
76 - APPENDIX M - COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE/ELECTROLYTE POTENTIALS OBTAINED WHEN MEASURED WITH VARIOUS REFERENCE ELECTRODES

Specifies requirements for the cathodic protection of buried or submerged metallic pipes and cables. It covers structure design for cathodic protection, coatings, protection criteria, measuring techniques, the design, installation and maintenance of cathodic protection systems, and the control of interference currents. Advice and information on these aspects are contained in appendices.

This Standard specifies requirements for the cathodic protection of buried or submerged metallic pipes and cables.The Standard specifically covers the following subjects which relate to cathodic protection:(a) Pertinent aspects of the design of structures requiring cathodic protection.(b) Coatings for use on submerged and buried structures.(c) Criteria for the cathodic protection of a structure.(d) Measuring techniques and equipment.(e) The design of cathodic protection systems.(f) The installation of cathodic protection systems.(g) The control of interference currents on foreign structures.(h) The cathodic protection of structures subject to stray direct current and telluric effects.(i) The operation and maintenance of cathodic protection systems.(j) Electrical hazards associated with the cathodic protection of buried structures.NOTES:1 Guidance on the general use and design of cathodic protection systems and factors affecting the corrosion of buried metallic structures are given in Appendix A.2 This Standard employs conventional (positive) current flow, for consistency with acceptedpractice, and uses the potential sign conventions specified in AS/NZS 1852 (all parts). In orderto understand the various electrochemical reactions that occur at electrodes during cathodicprotection, it should be recognized that electron flow occurs in the opposite direction to conventional current flow.

First published in Australia as AS 2832.1-1985.
Jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 2832.1:1998.