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ASTM E 2060 : 2006 : R2014

Superseded

Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

View Superseded by

Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes

Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

08-12-2022

Superseded by

ASTM E 2060 : 2022

Language(s)

English

Published date

06-02-2015

€67.30
Excluding VAT

CONTAINED IN VOL. 11.05, 2015 Defines methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater.

Committee
E 50
DocumentType
Guide
Pages
8
ProductNote
Reconfirmed 2014
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

1.1This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.

1.1.1Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent without the addition of other materials; however, stabilization or chemical fixation may also be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2 Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.

1.2The CCPs that are suited to this application include fly ash, spent dry scrubber sorbents, and certain advanced sulfur control by-products from processes such as duct injection and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC).

1.3The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the problematic inorganic species will likely be highly variable, so the chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to be treated must be determined and considered in the selection and application of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In any waste stabilization process, laboratory-scale tests for compatibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabilization with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stability are recommended prior to full-scale application of the stabilizing agent.

1.4This guide does not intend to recommend full-scale processes or procedures for waste stabilization. Full-scale processes should be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It is recommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify laboratory test results.

1.5The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describes pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.

1.6This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood waste products; rice hulls; agricultural waste; or other noncoal fuels.

1.7Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable regulations.

1.8It is recommended that work performed under this guide be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals.

1.9This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ASTM D 2216 : 2005 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ASTM D 75 : 2003 Standard Practice for Sampling Aggregates
ASTM D 422 : 1963 : R2002 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
ASTM D 3441 : 1998 Standard Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Tests of Soil
ASTM D 2937 : 2000 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 653 : 2007 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 4972 : 1995 : REV A Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
ASTM D 4842 : 1990 : R2001 Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Solid Wastes to Freezing and Thawing (Withdrawn 2006)
ASTM D 2216 : 2010 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ASTM D 5084 : 2016 : REV A Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 4318 : 2005 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 1556 : 2007 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
ASTM D 1556 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
ASTM D 3441 : 2016 Standard Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testing of Soils
ASTM D 1633 : 2000 : R2007 Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders (Withdrawn 2016)
ASTM D 5084 : 2003 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 2937 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 2166 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
ASTM D 1633 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders
ASTM D 1635 : 2000 : R2006 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Soil-Cement Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading
ASTM D 2922 : 1996 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D 5239 : 1998 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
ASTM D 4843 : 1988 : R2009 Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes
ASTM D 4318 : 2010 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 3987 : 2012 : REDLINE Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
ASTM D 5239 : 2012 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization (Withdrawn 2021)
ASTM D 3441 : 2005 Standard Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Tests of Soil (Withdrawn 2014)
ASTM D 4318 : 2000 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 2166 : 2006 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
ASTM D 5239 : 2012 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
ASTM D 4972 : 2013 Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
ASTM D 3877 : 2008 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures (Withdrawn 2017)
ASTM D 3987 : 1985 : R1999 Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
ASTM D 2922 : 2004 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D 4843 : 1988 : R2016 Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes
ASTM D 653 : 2022 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 2166 : 2000 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil
ASTM D 2922 : 2001 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D 2937 : 2017 : EDT 2 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 653 : 2020 : EDT 1 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 4843 : 1988 : R2004 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes
ASTM D 5084 : 2016 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 2937 : 2017-03 TEST METHOD FOR DENSITY OF SOIL IN PLACE BY THE DRIVE-CYLINDER METHOD
ASTM D 2922 : 2005 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) (Withdrawn 2007)
ASTM D 4972 : 2001 : R2007 Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
ASTM D 5084 : 2010 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 2937 : 2010 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 653 : 2021 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 2216 : 2019 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ASTM D 3877 : 2002 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
ASTM D 2937 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 3987 : 2012 Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
ASTM D 4318 : 2017 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 3877 : 1996 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
ASTM D 653 : 2021 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 653 : 2021 : REV B Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 4318 : 2010 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM C 114 : 2009 Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
ASTM E 1609 : 2001 Standard Guide for Development and Implementation of a Pollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)
ASTM D 558 : 2011 : REDLINE Standard Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures
ASTM D 2922 : 2004 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D 5239 : 2004 Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization
ASTM D 4843 : 1988 : R2004 Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes
ASTM D 4318 : 2017 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 2937 : 2017 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 1635 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Soil-Cement Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading
ASTM C 311 : 2011 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
ASTM D 5084 : 2000 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 2216 : 1998 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ASTM D 4972 : 2019 Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils
ASTM D 2216 : 1971 Standard Method of Laboratory Determination Of Moisture Content Of Soil
ASTM D 1633 : 2017 Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders
ASTM D 4842 : 1990 : R1996 Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of Solid Wastes to Freezing and Thawing
ASTM D 4972 : 2001 Standard Test Method for pH of Soils
ASTM D 3987 : 1985 : R2004 Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
ASTM D 4843 : 1988 : R1999 Standard Test Method for Wetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes
ASTM D 4972 : 2018 Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils
ASTM D 2937 : 2004 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method
ASTM D 3987 : 2006 Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
ASTM C 400 : 1998 Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
ASTM E 1609 : 1994 Standard Guide for Development and Implementation of a Pollution Prevention Program
ASTM D 5084 : 2000 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
ASTM D 653 : 2014 : REDLINE Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 3987 : 2012 : R2020 Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water

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