AWS C4.4/C4.4M : 2007

Personnel
Foreword
List of Tables
List of Figures
1. Scope
2. Normative References
3. Terms and Definitions
4. Theory of Heat Shaping
5. Distortion
6. Fundamentals and Precautions
7. Equipment and Supplies
    7.1 Standard Equipment
    7.2 Special Equipment
    7.3 Oxygen Supply
    7.4 Fuel Supply
    7.5 Maximum Acetylene Pressure
    7.6 Pressure Regulators
    7.7 Hoses and Fittings
    7.8 Heating Torches
    7.9 Heating Tip/Head
    7.10 Maintenance of Heating Tips or Heads
    7.11 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
    7.12 Safe Use, Handling, and Storage of Gas
         Cylinders
8. Startup and Shutdown Procedure
    8.1 Setting Up Equipment
    8.2 Lighting the Torch
    8.3 Equipment Shutdown
    8.4 Equipment Not in Use
    8.5 Reuse of Equipment Already Connected
9. Flame Adjustment
    9.1 Types of Flames
    9.2 Flashback Arrestors and Check Valves
10. General Technique
11. Procedures for General Applications
    11.1 Mechanically Restrained Structures
    11.2 Freestanding Unrestrained Members
    11.3 Shaping of Plate
    11.4 Flattening Plates
    11.5 Plate Tightening
12. Procedures for Specific Applications
    12.1 Bending of Flat Bar, V Heat
    12.2 Bending of Channel, V Heat
    12.3 Bending of Beams
    12.4 Bending of Angle
    12.5 Bending of T Sections
    12.6 Bending of Plate
    12.7 Pipe
13. Line Heating and Flame Bending in Shipyards
    13.1 Background
    13.2 Basic Concepts
    13.3 Planning and Methods
    13.4 Recommended Practices
    13.5 Code Compliance
    13.6 Conclusions
14. Safety and Health
Annex A (Informative) - Informative References
Annex B (Informative) - Fuel Gas Withdrawal Rates
Annex C (Informative) - Guidelines for the Preparation of
                        Technical Inquiries
List of AWS Documents on Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting

Explains some causes of distortion and corrective actions through the use of heat. It also explains some heat shaping techniques and the direction of movement expected in the heated metal.