CISPR TR 16-4-1:2009

FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations
   3.1 Terms and definitions
   3.2 Abbreviations
4 Basic considerations on uncertainties in emission
   measurements
   4.1 Introductory remarks
   4.2 Types of uncertainties in emission measurements
       4.2.1 General
       4.2.2 Purpose of uncertainty considerations
       4.2.3 Categories of uncertainty sources
       4.2.4 Summary of types of uncertainties
       4.2.5 Influence quantities
       4.2.6 The measurand and the intrinsic uncertainty
   4.3 Relation between standards compliance uncertainty
       and interference probability
       4.3.1 General
       4.3.2 The measurand and the associated limit
       4.3.3 Process of determination and application of
             uncertainties
   4.4 Assessment of uncertainties in a standardised emission
       measurement
       4.4.1 The process of uncertainty estimation
       4.4.2 Step 1: Definition of the purpose of the uncertainty
             consideration
       4.4.3 Step 2: Identifying the measurand, its uncertainty
             sources and influence quantities
       4.4.4 Step 3: Evaluate the standard uncertainty of each
             relevant influence quantity
       4.4.5 Step 4: Calculation of the combined and expanded
             uncertainty
   4.5 Verification of the uncertainty budget
       4.5.1 Introductory remarks
       4.5.2 Test laboratory comparison and the measurement
             compatibility requirement
       4.5.3 Interlaboratory comparison and statistical evaluation
       4.5.4 Application of a 'calculable EUT'
       4.5.5 Application of a 'reference EUT'
   4.6 Reporting of the uncertainty
       4.6.1 General
       4.6.2 Reporting results of uncertainty assessments
       4.6.3 Uncertainty statements in routine compliance
             measurement results
       4.6.4 Reporting of the expanded uncertainty
   4.7 Application of uncertainties in the compliance criterion
       4.7.1 Introductory remarks
       4.7.2 Manufacturers' compliance criterion for compliance
             measurements
       4.7.3 Compliance criteria for mass-produced products
            (80%/80% rule)
       4.7.4 Compliance criteria for quality assurance tests using a
             reference EUT
       4.7.5 Application of uncertainties in re-testing
5 Basic considerations on uncertainties in immunity testing
6 Voltage measurements
   6.1 Introductory remarks
   6.2 Voltage measurements (general)
       6.2.1 Introductory remarks
       6.2.2 Voltage measurements basics
       6.2.3 The disturbance source and types of voltage
   6.3 Voltage measurements using a voltage probe
   6.4 Voltage measurement using a V-terminal artificial mains
       network
       6.4.1 Introductory remarks
       6.4.2 Basic circuit diagram of the voltage measurement
       6.4.3 Voltage measurement and standards compliance
             uncertainty
       6.4.4 Combined uncertainty
       6.4.5 The compliance criterion
       6.4.6 Influence quantities
7 Absorbing clamp measurements
   7.1 General
       7.1.1 Objective
       7.1.2 Introductory remarks
   7.2 Uncertainties related to the calibration of the absorbing
       clamp
       7.2.1 General
       7.2.2 The measurand
       7.2.3 Uncertainty sources
       7.2.4 Influence quantities
       7.2.5 Application of the uncertainty budget
       7.2.6 Typical examples of an uncertainty budget
       7.2.7 Verification of the uncertainty budget
   7.3 Uncertainties related to the absorbing clamp
       measurement method
       7.3.1 General
       7.3.2 The measurand
       7.3.3 Uncertainty sources
       7.3.4 Influence quantities
       7.3.5 Application of the uncertainty budget
       7.3.6 Typical examples of the uncertainty budget
       7.3.7 Verification of the uncertainty budget
8 Radiated emission measurements using a SAC or an OATS
   in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 1000 MHz
   8.1 General
       8.1.1 Objective
       8.1.2 Introductory remarks
   8.2 Uncertainties related to the SAC/OATS radiated emission
       measurement method
       8.2.1 General
       8.2.2 The measurand
       8.2.3 Uncertainty sources
       8.2.4 Influence quantities
       8.2.5 Application of the uncertainty estimate
       8.2.6 Typical examples of the uncertainty estimate
       8.2.7 Verification of the uncertainty estimate
9 Conducted immunity measurements
10 Radiated immunity measurements
Annex A (informative) Compliance uncertainty and
        interference probability
Annex B (informative) Numerical example of the
        consequences of Faraday's law
Annex C (informative) Possible amendments to CISPR
        publications with regards to voltage measurements
Annex D (informative) Analysis method of results of an
        interlaboratory test
Annex E (informative) Uncertainty budgets for the clamp
        calibration methods
Annex F (informative) Uncertainty budget for the clamp
        measurement method
Annex G (informative) Uncertainty estimates for the radiated
        emission measurement methods
Annex H (informative) Results of various round robin tests
        for SAC/OATS-based radiated emission measurements
Annex I (informative) Additional information about
        distinctions between the terms measurement
        uncertainty and standards compliance uncertainty
Bibliography

CISPR/TR 16-4-1:2009 gives guidance on the treatment of uncertainties to those who are involved in the development or modification of CISPR electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. In addition, this part provides useful background information for those who apply the standards and the uncertainty aspects in practice. The objectives of this part are to:
a) identify the parameters or sources governing the uncertainty associated with the statement that a given product complies with the requirement specified in a CISPR recommendation. This uncertainty will be called "standards compliance uncertainty";
b) give guidance on the estimation of the magnitude of the standards compliance uncertainty;
c) give guidance for the implementation of the standards compliance uncertainty into the compliance criterion of a CISPR standardised compliance test.
As such, this part can be considered as a handbook that can be used by standards writers to incorporate and harmonise uncertainty considerations in existing and future CISPR standards. This part also gives guidance to regulatory authorities, accreditation bodies and test engineers to judge the performance quality of an EMC test-laboratory carrying out CISPR standardised compliance tests. The uncertainty considerations given in this part can also be used as guidance when comparing test results (and their uncertainties) obtained by using different alternative test methods. The uncertainty of a compliance test also relates to the probability of occurrence of an electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem in practice. This aspect is recognized and introduced briefly in this part. However, the problem of relating uncertainties of a compliance test to the occurrence of EMI in practice is not considered within the scope of this part. The scope of this part is limited to all the relevant uncertainty considerations of a standardized EMC compliance test. This second edition of CISPR 16-4-1 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2003, and its Amendments 1 (2004) and 2 (2007). It constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition. The provisions available for application of uncertainties in the determination of the compliance criterion are explained more generally and a procedure is added for re-testing an approved EUT by another test house.