NEN EN 14531-1 : 2016

Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
  3.1 Terms and definitions
  3.2 Symbols and indices
4 General algorithms
  4.1 General algorithm to calculate stopping and slowing
       distances
  4.2 General algorithm to calculate immobilisation brake
5 Stopping and slowing distances calculation
  5.1 General
  5.2 General characteristics
       5.2.1 Train formation
       5.2.2 Vehicle and train characteristics
  5.3 Brake characteristics
       5.3.1 Characteristics of a tread brake or a disc brake
               equipment type
       5.3.2 Characteristics of the other brake equipment types
       5.3.3 Response time of each brake equipment type
       5.3.4 Blending rules
  5.4 Initialisation and operating characteristics
       5.4.1 Average gradient of the track
       5.4.2 Initial speed
       5.4.3 Available coefficient of adhesion
       5.4.4 Level of the brake demand
       5.4.5 Quantity of each brake equipment type available
  5.5 Mean braking force for each brake system
       5.5.1 General
       5.5.2 Tread brake force
       5.5.3 Disc brake force
  5.6 Sharing/proportioning of the brake forces, achieved
       forces
  5.7 Trailer or motor axle braking forces
  5.8 Total braking forces
       5.8.1 Summation of external braking forces
       5.8.2 Total braking force
  5.9 Decelerations
       5.9.1 Decelerations supplied by each different braking
               force
       5.9.2 Equivalent deceleration
  5.10 Free run time
  5.11 Distance calculations
       5.11.1 Equivalent free run distance
       5.11.2 Braking distance
       5.11.3 Stopping distance
  5.12 Other calculations
       5.12.1 Lambda
       5.12.2 Braked mass
       5.12.3 Total energy
       5.12.4 Average power
       5.12.5 Braking time
       5.12.6 Stopping time
       5.12.7 Braking ratio
       5.12.8 Energy dissipated by each type of brake
       5.12.9 Energy per unit area dissipated by each type
               of brake
       5.12.10 Average power and maximum power for each type
               of brake
       5.12.11 Average power flux for each type of brake
       5.12.12 Required adhesion level for each type of brake
6 Immobilisation brake calculation
  6.1 General characteristics
       6.1.1 Axle characteristics
       6.1.2 Characteristics of immobilisation brakes acting
               directly on the rails
  6.2 Characteristics of the immobilization brake equipment
       6.2.1 Coefficient of friction of the pads and blocks
       6.2.2 Characteristics of the hand brake acting on tread
       6.2.3 Characteristics of the hand brake acting on disc
       6.2.4 Characteristics of a brake equipment acting on disc
       6.2.5 Characteristics of a tread brake unit
       6.2.6 Characteristics of a permanent magnetic track brake
  6.3 Train and operating characteristics
  6.4 Immobilization force provided by each equipment type
       6.4.1 Hand brake equipment acting on tread
       6.4.2 Hand brake equipment acting on disc
       6.4.3 Cylinder brake equipment acting on disc
       6.4.4 Cylinder brake equipment acting on tread
       6.4.5 Permanent magnetic track brake equipment
  6.5 Immobilization force of the train
  6.6 External forces
       6.6.1 Downhill force on the train
       6.6.2 Wind force on the train
       6.6.3 Rolling resistance
       6.6.4 Summation of the external forces
  6.7 Final results
       6.7.1 Immobilization safety factor
       6.7.2 Coefficient of adhesion demanded by each braked
               axle
       6.7.3 Maximum gradient permitted
  6.8 Other calculations
       6.8.1 Braked mass of the immobilisation braking
       6.8.2 Haulage condition
Annex A (normative) General algorithm to calculate
                      stopping and slowing distances
Annex B (normative) General algorithm to calculate
                      immobilization braking
Annex C (informative) Examples of calculations for stopping
                      and slowing distances
  C.1 Example calculations for rolling resistance for
       wagons with bogies
       C.1.1 Example 1 Open hopper wagon E7
       C.1.2 Example 2 Covered wagon G10
       C.1.3 Example 3 Covered wagon G50
       C.1.4 Example 4 Flat wagon R18
  C.2 Example calculations for tread brake force with rigging
       C.2.1 Application to conventional two axle wagon
               equipped with mechanical empty-load device with
               UIC Bg block from 100 km/h
       C.2.2 Application to conventional two axle wagon
               equipped with a pneumatic empty-load device with
               UIC Bg block from 100 km/h
       C.2.3 Application to conventional two bogie wagon
               equipped with pneumatic empty-load device with UIC
               Bgu blocks from 100 km/h
  C.3 Tread brake force with cylinder
       C.3.1 Application to conventional two bogie wagon equipped
               with a tread brake with cylinders
  C.4 Disc brake force
       C.4.1 Application to disc braked vehicle with one cylinder
               per disc
       C.4.2 Application to disc braked wagon with one cylinder
               for two discs
  C.5 Decelerations
       C.5.1 Deceleration provided by the tread brake (a =
               F[B]/M[dyn] = F[B,a] X n[a]/M[st])
       C.5.2 Deceleration provided by the disc brake (a =
               F[B]/M[dyn] = F[B,a] X n[a]/M[st])
  C.6 Distance calculations
       C.6.1 Example 1
       C.6.2 Example 2
       C.6.3 Example 3
       C.6.4 Example 4
  C.7 Examples of other calculations
       C.7.1 Example 1
       C.7.2 Example 2
       C.7.3 Example 3
       C.7.4 Example 4
Annex D (informative) Examples of calculations for
                       immobilization braking
  D.1 Examples of immobilization calculations for hand brake
       equipment acting on tread
       D.1.1 General
       D.1.2 Gearing output force
       D.1.3 Application force on the blocks
       D.1.4 Immobilization force provided to the axle
  D.2 Examples of immobilization calculations for hand brake
       equipment acting on disc
       D.2.1 General
       D.2.2 Gearing output force per cylinder
       D.2.3 Force provided by each cylinder
       D.2.4 Application force on pads of one cylinder
       D.2.5 Immobilization force provided to the axle
  D.3 Cylinder brake equipment acting on disc
       D.3.1 General
       D.3.2 Application force on pads
       D.3.3 Immobilization force per disc
       D.3.4 Immobilization force provided to the axle
  D.4 Cylinder brake equipment acting on tread
       D.4.1 General
       D.4.2 Immobilization force provided to the axle
  D.5 Permanent magnetic track brake equipment
       D.5.1 General
       D.5.2 Immobilization force provided to the bogie
  D.6 External forces and final results
       D.6.1 General
       D.6.2 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which
               is braked on only one bogies with a hand brake
               equipment acting on tread
       D.6.3 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which
               is braked on only one bogie with a hand brake
               equipment acting on disc
       D.6.4 Example based on case of a two bogie wagon which
               is braked with a cylinder brake equipment acting
               on a disc
       D.6.5 Example based on case of cylinder brake equipment
               acting on tread
ANNEX ZA (informative) Relationship between this European
                       Standard and the Essential Requirements of
                       EU Directive 96/48
Annex ZB (informative) Relationship between this European Standard
                       and the Essential Requirements of EU
                       Directive 2001/16
Bibliography

Explains general algorithms for the brake performance calculations to be used for all types of train sets, units or single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons.