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    AS 1170.2-1989

    AvailableSuperseded An Available Superseded Standard is one, which has been made available for a period of time although it has been formally superseded by another Standard. Its availability is maintained where it is referenced in legislation/regulations or in other Standards and its use should be restricted to where so referenced. No responsibility is taken by SAI Global as to the ongoing technical validity of such a Standard, the responsibility resting with the referencing authority.

    Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Wind loads

    Available format(s):  Hardcopy, PDF 1 User, PDF 3 Users, PDF 5 Users, PDF 9 Users

    Language(s): 

    Published date:  20-03-1989

    Publisher:  Standards Australia

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    1 - AS 1170.2-1989 SAA LOADING CODE - WIND LOADS (Amdt 3)
    4 - PREFACE
    5 - CONTENTS
    6 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION
    6 - 1.1 SCOPE.
    6 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
    6 - 1.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES -SIMPLIFIED OR DETAILED.
    6 - 1.3.1 Simplified procedure.
    6 - 1.3.2 Detailed procedure - static and dynamic analysis.
    6 - 1.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
    6 - 1.4.1 General.
    6 - 1.4.2 Stability limit state.
    6 - 1.4.3 Strength limit state.
    6 - 1.4.4 Ultimate limit states.
    6 - 1.4.5 Serviceability limit state.
    6 - 1.4.6 Permissible stress design procedure.
    6 - 1.5 DETERMINATION OF WIND LOADS.
    6 - 1.5.1 Methods of determination of wind loads.
    7 - 1.5.2 Wind tunnel tests or similar determinations.
    7 - 1.5.3 Wind tunnel tests on a specific structure.
    7 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS.
    8 - 1.7 NOTATION.
    11 - SECTION 2. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE
    11 - 2.1 INTRODUCTION.
    11 - 2.2 LIMITATION.
    12 - 2.3 PROCEDURE.
    12 - 2.3.1 General.
    12 - 2.3.2 Forces (F) on elements of buildings.
    12 - 2.4 BASIC PRESSURES.
    12 - 2.4.1 External pressures on rectangular buildings.
    12 - 2.4.1.1 General.
    12 - 2.4.1.2 Windward sections of roofs.
    12 - 2.4.1.3 Leeward sections of roofs.
    12 - 2.4.1.4 Walls and undersides of eaves.
    14 - 2.4.1.5 Local negative external pressures.
    14 - 2.4.1.6 Local positive external pressures.
    14 - 2.4.1.7 Under floor pressures of highset buildings.
    14 - 2.4.2 Internal pressures.
    14 - 2.4.3 Unenclosed attached canopies, awnings, carports and eaves.
    14 - 2.4.3.1 General.
    14 - 2.4.3.2 Main structural components.
    14 - 2.4.3.3 Roof cladding and its immediate supports.
    15 - 2.4.4 Free standing roofs.
    15 - 2.4.4.1 General.
    15 - 2.4.4.2 Main structural components.
    15 - 2.4.4.3 Free roof cladding and its immediate supports.
    15 - 2.4.5 Freestanding walls on ground.
    15 - 2.4.6 Rectangular hoardings and signs.
    15 - 2.5 MULTIPLYING FACTORS.
    15 - 2.5.1 Regional multiplying factor (B1).
    17 - 2.5.2 Terrain and height multiplying factor (B2).
    17 - 2.5.3 Topographic multiplying factor (B3).
    17 - 2.5.4 Roof reduction factor (B 4).
    19 - 2.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
    19 - 2.7 SERVICEABILITY DESIGN LOADS.
    19 - 2.8 FARM BUILDINGS AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURES.
    19 - 2.8.1 Farm buildings.
    19 - 2.8.2 Temporary structures.
    20 - SECTION 3. DETAILED PROCEDURE: STATIC ANALYSIS
    20 - 3.1 LIMITATION.
    20 - 3.2 GUST WIND SPEED.
    20 - 3.2.1 General.
    20 - 3.2.2 Derivation of design gust wind speed (Vz ).
    20 - 3.2.3 Wind direction.
    22 - 3.2.4 Terrain category.
    22 - 3.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
    22 - 3.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
    24 - 3.2.7 Shielding multiplier
    24 - 3.2.8 Topographic multiplier
    24 - 3.2.9 Structure importance multiplier
    25 - 3.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE
    25 - 3.4 FORCES (F) AND PRESSURES (p ) ON ENCLOSED BUILDINGS, FREE ROOFS AND WALLS.
    25 - 3.4.1 General.
    25 - 3.4.1.1 Procedure.
    26 - 3.4.1.2. Forces (F) on building elements.
    26 - 3.4.1.3 Calculation of forces and moments on complete buildings.
    26 - 3.4.2 External pressures
    26 - 3.4.3 External pressure coefficients (C ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
    28 - 3.4.4 Area reduction factors (Ka ) for roofs and side walls.
    28 - 3.4.5 Local pressure factors (Kl ) for cladding.
    30 - 3.4.6 Reduction factors (Kp ) for porous cladding.
    30 - 3.4.7 Internal pressures (pi ).
    31 - 3.4.8 Frictional drag force (Ff ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
    31 - 3.4.9 Net pressures (pn ) for free roofs.
    33 - 3.4.10 Net pressures (p n ) for canopies, awnings and carports, adjacent to enclosed buildings.
    33 - 3.4.11 Net pressures (p ) for cantilevered roofs.
    34 - 3.4.12 Frictional drag force (Ff) for free roofs and canopies.
    34 - 3.4.13 Net pressure (pn) for hoardings and free-standing walls.
    35 - 3.5 FORCES ON EXPOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
    35 - 3.5.1 General.
    35 - 3.5.2 Procedure.
    36 - 3.5.3 Single open frames.
    36 - 3.5.4 Multiple open frames.
    36 - 3.5.5 Drag force coefficients (C d ) for lattice towers.
    37 - 3.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
    38 - SECTION 4. DETAILED PROCEDURE: DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
    38 - 4.1 APPLICATION.
    38 - 4.2 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED.
    38 - 4.2.1 General.
    38 - 4.2.2 Derivation of design hourly mean wind speed (V ).
    38 - 4.2.3 Wind direction.
    40 - 4.2.4 Terrain category.
    40 - 4.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
    41 - 4.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
    42 - 4.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
    42 - 4.2.8 Topographic multiplier
    44 - 4.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (M i ).
    44 - 4.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE
    44 - 4.4 PROCEDURE AND DERIVATION.
    44 - 4.4.1 General.
    44 - 4.4.2 Along-wind response -tall buildings and towers.
    46 - 4.4.3 Cross-wind response -tall buildings and enclosed towers.
    46 - 4.4.4 Cross-wind response - cantilevered roofs and canopies.
    46 - 4.4.5 Cross-wind response - lattice towers and masts.
    46 - 4.4.6 Combination of along-wind and cross-wind responses.
    50 - APPENDIX A - ADDITIONAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
    50 - A1 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FOR MULTI-SPAN BUILDINGS (a <60°).
    51 - A2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FOR CURVED ROOFS.
    52 - A3 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C p,e ) FOR MANSARD ROOFS.
    52 - A4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FORCIRCULAR BINS, SILOS AND TANKS.
    55 - APPENDIX B - SECTIONAL DRAG FORCE AND FORCE COEFFICIENTS AND ASPECT RATIO CORRECTION FACTORS
    55 - B1 INTRODUCTION.
    55 - B2 ROUNDED CYLINDRICAL SHAPES.
    57 - B3 SHARP-EDGED PRISMS.
    57 - B4 RECTANGULAR PRISMATIC SECTIONS.
    58 - B5 STRUCTURAL SECTIONS.
    60 - B6 ASPECT RATIO CORRECTIONS.
    61 - APPENDIX C - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 1
    61 - C1.1 SCOPE.
    61 - C1.2 APPLICATION.
    61 - C1.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES - SIMPLIFIED OR DETAILED.
    61 - C1.3.1 Simplified procedure.
    61 - C1.3.2 Detailed procedure - static and dynamic analysis.
    61 - C1.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
    61 - C1.4.1 General.
    61 - C1.4.2 Stability limit state.
    61 - C1.4.3 Strength limit state.
    61 - C1.4.4 Ultimate limit states.
    61 - C1.4.5 Serviceability limit state.
    61 - C1.4.6 Permissible stress design requirements.
    61 - C1.5 DETERMINATION OF WIND LOADS.
    61 - C1.5.1 Methods of determination of wind loads.
    61 - C1.5.2 Wind tunnel tests or similar determinations.
    61 - C1.5.3 Wind tunnel tests on a specific structure.
    61 - C1.6 DEFINITIONS.
    61 - C1.7 NOTATION.
    63 - APPENDIX D - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 2
    63 - D2.1 INTRODUCTION.
    63 - D2.2 LIMITATION
    63 - D2.3 PROCEDURE
    63 - D2.4 BASIC PRESSURES
    63 - D2.5 MULTIPLYING FACTORS
    63 - D2.5.1 Regional multiplying factor (B1 )
    63 - D2.6 FATIGUE LOADING
    63 - D2.7 SERVICEABILITY DESIGN LOADS.
    64 - APPENDIX E - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 3
    64 - E3.1 LIMITATION.
    64 - E3.2 GUST WIND SPEED.
    64 - E3.2.1 General.
    64 - E3.2.2 Derivation of design gust wind speed (Vz ).
    66 - E3.2.3 Wind direction.
    68 - E3.2.4 Terrain category.
    68 - E3.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
    71 - E3.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
    73 - E3.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
    74 - E3.2.8 Topographic multiplier
    76 - E3.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (Mi ).
    76 - E3.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE (qz ).
    76 - E3.4 FORCES (F) AND PRESSURES (pz ) ON ENCLOSED BUILDINGS, FREE ROOFS AND WALLS.
    76 - E3.4.1 General.
    76 - E3.4.1.1 Procedure.
    76 - E3.4.1.2 Forces (F) on building elements.
    76 - E3.4.1.3 Calculation of forces and moments on complete buildings.
    76 - E3.4.2 External pressures (pe ).
    76 - E3.4.3 External pressure coefficients (Cp,e ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
    76 - E3.4.4 Area reduction factors (Ka ) for roofs and side walls.
    77 - E3.4.5 Local pressure factors (K l ) for cladding.
    77 - E3.4.6 Reduction factors (Kp ) for porous cladding.
    77 - E3.4.7 Internal pressures (pi ).
    77 - E3.4.8 Frictional drag force (F f ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
    77 - E3.4.9 Net pressures (p n ) for free roofs.
    77 - E3.4.10 Net pressures (p n ) for canopies, awnings and carports, adjacent to enclosed buildings.
    77 - E3.4.11 Net pressures (pn ) for cantilevered roofs.
    77 - E3.4.12 Frictional drag force (Ff ) for free roofs and canopies.
    77 - E3.4.13 Net pressures (pn ) for hoardings and free-standing walls.
    78 - E3.5 FORCES ON EXPOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
    78 - E3.5.1 General.
    78 - E3.5.2 Procedure.
    78 - E3.5.3 Single open frames.
    78 - E3.5.4 Multiple open frames.
    78 - E3.5.5 Drag force coefficients (C d ) for lattice towers.
    78 - E3.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
    79 - APPENDIX F - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 4
    79 - F4.1 APPLICATION.
    79 - F4.2 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED.
    79 - F4.2.1 General.
    79 - F4.2.2 Derivation of design hourly mean wind speed (Vz ).
    80 - F4.2.3 Wind direction.
    80 - F4.2.4 Terrain category.
    80 - F4.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
    80 - F4.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
    84 - F4.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
    84 - F4.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (M i ).
    84 - F4.2.8 Topographic multiplier (M t ).
    84 - F4.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE (q z ).
    85 - F4.4 PROCEDURE AND DERIVATION.
    85 - F4.4.1 General.
    86 - F4.4.2 Along-wind response - tall buildings and towers.
    86 - F4.4.3 Cross-wind response - tall buildings and enclosed towers.
    88 - F4.4.4 Cross-wind response - cantilevered roofs and canopies.
    88 - F4.4.5 Cross-wind response - lattice towers and masts.
    88 - F4.4.6 Combination of along-wind and cross-wind responses.
    92 - REFERENCES
    95 - INDEX

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Sets out requirements for establishing the minimum wind loads in structural design, and is in a limit states format. It provides a simplified procedure for the determination of wind loads on a limited range of small structures and buildings, and a detailed procedure on a wide range of structures. Windspeeds are specified for the serviceability and ultimate strength/stability limit states, and for permissible stress design. Explanatory material is given in the appendices.

    Scope - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    This Standard sets out procedures for determining design wind speeds and wind loads to be used in structural design of all buildings and components of buildings, bridges (minimum design wind speed only), and other structures subjected to wind. For bridges, the design wind loads shall be determined in accordance with the AUSTROADS Bridge Design Code. Major offshore structures remote from the coast and transmission lines are not covered, nor are the effects of tornadoes which are special-event winds. The design wind loads for structures containing high risk contaminants, such as some nuclear or biological materials is considered outside the scope of this Standard. This Standard does not attempt to account for possible future climatic changes.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Committee BD-006
    Document Type Standard
    Product Note See also HB 21-1990
    Publisher Standards Australia
    Status AvailableSuperseded
    Superseded By
    Supersedes

    History - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Under Revision see DR 99419

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    AS/NZS 4676:2000 Structural design requirements for utility services poles
    AS 3700 SUPP 4-1992 Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) - Extracts from AS 3700 - Masonry construction requirements (Supplement to AS 3700-1988)
    AS/NZS 4666:2000 Insulating glass units
    AS 3735-2001 Concrete structures for retaining liquids
    AS 1418.10-1996 Cranes (including hoists and winches) - Elevating work platforms
    AS 4065-1992 Concrete poles for overhead lines and street lighting
    AS 1418.18-2001 Cranes, hoists and winches Crane runways and monorails
    AS 4085-1992 Automatic sliding door assemblies
    HB 132.2-1999 Structural upgrading of older houses Cyclone areas
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    AS 3892-2001 Pressure equipment - Installation (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS/NZS 4284:1995 Testing of building facades
    AS 2647-1994 Biological safety cabinets - Installation and use
    AS 2159-1995 Piling - Design and installation
    AS 4191-1994 Portable traffic signal systems
    AS/NZS 4504.2:1998 Domestic garage doors - Methods of test Wind pressure test
    AS 3600-2001 Concrete structures
    AS 2050-1995 Installation of roof tiles
    AS 4425-1996 Above ground burial structures
    AS 2047-1999 Windows in buildings - Selection and installation
    AS 1684-1992 National Timber Framing Code
    AS/NZS 4600:1996 Cold-formed steel structures
    AS 3610-1995 Formwork for concrete
    AS/NZS 1576.1:1995 Scaffolding General requirements
    AS 3700 SUPP 3-1992 Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) - Extracts from AS 3700 - Masonry materials requirements (Supplement to AS 3700-1988)
    AS 3990-1993 Mechanical equipment - Steelwork (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 3962-1991 Guidelines for design of marinas
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    AS/NZS 1664.2:1997 Aluminium structures Allowable stress design (Reconfirmed 2020)
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    AS 2593-1995 Boilers - Unattended and limited attendance
    AS 4324.1-1995 Mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials - General requirements for the design of steel structures
    HB 132.1-1999 Structural upgrading of older houses Non-cyclone areas
    AS 1894-1997 The storage and handling of non-flammable cryogenic and refrigerated liquids (Reconfirmed 2021)
    AS/NZS 3500.4:2003 Plumbing and drainage Heated water services
    HB 39-1997 Installation code for metal roof and wall cladding
    AS 2424-1991 Plastics building sheets - General installation requirements and design of roofing systems
    HB 49.1-1993 Sporting Facilities Manual Sports lighting
    AS 3700-1998 Masonry structures
    AS 3995(INT)-1991 Design of steel lattice towers and masts
    AS 1418.1-2002 Cranes, hoists and winches General requirements
    AS 4040.3-1992 Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding Resistance to wind pressures for cyclone regions (Reconfirmed 2016)
    HB 2.2-1998 Australian Standards for civil engineering students - Structural engineering
    AS 1576.1-1991 Scaffolding - General requirements
    AS 1418.15-1994 Cranes (including hoists and winches) - Concrete placing equipment
    AS 4326-1995 The storage and handling of oxidizing agents
    AS 4084-1993 Steel storage racking
    AS 3623-1993 Domestic metal framing (Reconfirmed 2018)
    AS 4440-1997 Installation of nailplated timber trusses
    AS 1657-1992 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation
    AS 4100-1998 Steel structures (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 2156.2-2001 Walking tracks Infrastructure design
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    AS/NZS 2647:2000 Biological safety cabinets - Installation and use
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    AS 1288-1994 Glass in buildings - Selection and installation
    AS/NZS 4200.1:1994 Pliable building membranes and underlays Materials
    AS 3700-2001 Masonry structures
    AS 4597-1999 Installation of roof slates and shingles (Non-interlocking type) (Reconfirmed 2015)
    AS/NZS 4673:2001 Cold-formed stainless steel structures
    AS 4041-1992 Pressure piping
    AS/NZS 4065:2000 Concrete utility services poles
    AS 2047.1-1996 Windows in buildings - Specification for materials and performance
    AS 4055-1992 Wind loads for housing
    AS 4678-2002 Earth-retaining structures
    AS 3533.1-1997 Amusement rides and devices - Design and construction
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    AS/NZS 1562.3:1996 Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Plastic
    AS 4509.2-2002 Stand-alone power systems - System design guidelines
    AS/NZS 1562.2:1999 Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Corrugated fibre-reinforced cement (Reconfirmed 2020)
    AS 1576.4-1991 Scaffolding - Suspended scaffolding
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    AS 3774-1996 Loads on bulk solids containers
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    AS 3500.4-1994 National Plumbing and Drainage Code Hot water supply systems
    AS 1720.1-1997 Timber structures Design methods
    AS 3785.5-1991 Underground mining - Shaft equipment - Headframes
    AS 2593-2001 Boilers - Unattended and limited attendance
    AS 1288-2006 Glass in buildings - Selection and installation
    AS 1210-1997 Pressure vessels
    AS 2144-1995 Traffic signal lanterns
    AS 3516.3-1991 Siting of radiocommunications facilities - Fixed location satellite earth stations
    AS/NZS 4505:1998 Domestic garage doors
    AS 1562.1-1992 Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Metal (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS/NZS 4290:1995 Design and installation of revolving doors
    AS 3785.5-1998 Underground mining - Shaft equipment Headframes
    AS 1668.3-2001 The use of ventilation and airconditioning in buildings Smoke control systems for large single compartments or smoke reservoirs
    AS 2601-2001 The demolition of structures
    AS/NZS 2785:2000 Suspended ceilings - Design and installation
    AS 1418.1-1994 Cranes (including hoists and winches) - General requirements
    AS 2665-2001 Smoke/heat venting systems - Design, installation and commissioning (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 3850.2-1990 Tilt-up concrete and precast concrete elements for use in buildings - Guide to design, casting and erection of tilt-up panels
    AS 4040.2-1992 Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding Resistance to wind pressures for non-cyclone regions (Reconfirmed 2016)
    AS 3962-2001 Guidelines for design of marinas
    AS 2327.1-1996 Composite structures - Simply supported beams
    AS/NZS 2144:2002 Traffic signal lanterns
    AS 2783-1992 Use of reinforced concrete for small swimming pools
    AS 2979-1998 Traffic signal mast arms
    AS/NZS 1664.1:1997 Aluminium structures Limit state design (Reconfirmed 2020)
    AS 3892-1995 Pressure equipment - Installation
    HB 125-2007 The glass and glazing handbook (including guide to AS 1288, Glass in buildings - Selection and installation)
    AS 2187.1-1998 Explosives - Storage, transport and use Storage
    HB 125-1998 The glass and glazing handbook
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