Foreword
Cooperating organizations
Recommendations
1. Scope
2. References
3. Definitions and symbols
3.1 Definitions
3.2 Symbols
4. Design objectives
4.1 General
4.2 Limit states
4.3 Partial safety factors to be used
4.4 Structural support
4.5 Corrosion resistance and protection
4.6 Clearance gauges
5. Limitations on construction and workmanship
5.1 Workmanship
5.2 Robustness
5.3 Handling and transport
5.4 Composite steel/concrete construction
5.5 Built-up members
5.6 Diaphragms and fixings required during construction
5.7 Camber
5.8 End connections of beams
5.9 Support cross beams
6. Properties of materials
6.1 Performance
6.2 Nominal yield stress
6.3 Ultimate tensile stress
6.4 Ductility
6.5 Notch toughness
6.6 Properties of steel
6.7 Modular ratio
7. Global analysis for load effects
7.1 General
7.2 Sectional properties
8. Stress analysis
8.1 Longitudinal stresses in beams
8.2 Allowance for shear lag
8.3 Distortion and warping stresses in box girders
8.4 Shear stresses
8.5 Imperfections
8.6 Residual stresses
9. Design of beams
9.1 General
9.2 Limit states
9.3 Shape limitations
9.4 Effective section
9.5 Evaluation of stresses
9.6 Effective length for lateral torsional buckling
9.7 Slenderness
9.8 Limiting compressive stress
9.9 Beams without longitudinal stiffeners
9.10 Flanges in beams with longitudinal stiffeners in
the cross sections
9.11 Webs in beams with longitudinal stiffeners in the
cross section
9.12 Restraints to compression flanges
9.13 Transverse web stiffeners other than at supports
9.14 Load bearing support stiffeners
9.15 Cross beams and other transverse members in
stiffened flanges
9.16 Intermediate internal cross frames in box girders
9.17 Diaphragms in box girders at supports
10. Design of compression members
10.1 General
10.2 Limit state
10.3 Limitations on shape
10.4 Effective lengths
10.5 Effective section
10.6 Compression members without longitudinal stiffeners
10.7 Compression members with longitudinal stiffeners
10.8 Battened compression members
10.9 Laced compression members
10.10 Compression members connected by perforated plates
10.11 Compression members with components back to back
11. Design of tension members
11.1 General
11.2 Limit state
11.3 Effective section
11.4 Thickness at pin-holes
11.5 Strength
11.6 Battened tension members
11.7 Laced tension members
11.8 Tension members connected by perforated plates
11.9 Tension members with components back to back
12. Design of trusses
12.1 General
12.2 Limit states
12.3 Analysis
12.4 Effective length of compression member
12.5 Unbraced compression chords
12.6 Lateral bracing
12.7 Curved members
12.8 Gusset plates
13. Design of base, cap and end plates
14. Design of connections
14.1 General
14.2 Limit states
14.3 Basis of design
14.4 Splieces
14.5 Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
14.6 Welded connections
14.7 Hybrid connections
14.8 Lug angles
14.9 Other attachments
Appendices
A. Evaluation of effective breadth ratios
A.1 General
A.2 Equivalent simply supported spans
A.3 Point loads at mid-span
A.4 Point loads not at mid-span
A.5 Combination of loads
A.6 Transverse distribution of stress
B. Distoriation and warping stresses in box girders
B.1 General
B.2 Restraint of torsional warping
B.3 Restraint of distortional warping
B.4 Transverse distortional bending stresses
C. Slenderness limitations for open stiffeners
D. Patch loading on webs: buckling considerations
D.1 Beams without longitudinal stiffeners on web or
flange
D.2 Beams with longitudinal stiffeners on web or
flange
E. Transverse moments in compression flanges: U-frame
restraints
F. Buckling coefficients for transverse members in
compression flanges
G. Equations used for production of curves in figures
G.1 General
G.2 Figure 2. Limiting slenderness for flat stiffeners
G.3 Figure 3. Limiting slenderness for angle stiffeners
G.4 Figure 4. Limiting slenderness for tee stiffeners
G.5 Figure 5. Coefficient Kc for plate panels under
direct compression
G.6 Figure 7. Influence on effective length of
compression flange restraint
G.7 Figure 10. Basic limiting stress sigma li
G.8 Figures 11 to 17. Limiting shear strength tau l
G.9 Figure 18. Parameters for the design of
longitudinal flange stiffeners
G.10 Figure 21. Minimum value of Mfw for outer panel
restraint
G.11 Figure 22. Buckling coefficients K1, K2, Kq and Kb
G.12 Figure 23. Parameters for the design of web
stiffeners
G.13 Figure 24. Coefficient alpha LT for torsional
restraint at supports
G.14 Figure 29. Buckling coefficient K for transverse
members
G.15 Figure 36. Coefficient Kc for plate panels under
direct compression
G.16 Figure 37. Ultimate compressive stress sigma c
G.17 Figure 58. Distortional warping stress parameters.
Figure 60. Distortional bending stress parameters
G.18 Figure 62. Coefficients for torsional buckling
Tables
1. Clauses requiring serviceability check
2. Partial safety factors, gamma m = gamma m1 gamma m2
3. Limiting thickness of certain steels, complying with
the requirements of BS 4360, for parts in tension
4. Effective breadth ratio psi for simply supported
beams
5. Effective breadth ratio psi for interior spans of
continuous beams
6. Effective breadth ratio psi for propped cantilever
beams
7. Effective breadth ratio psi for cantilever beams
8. Effective length le for a cantilever beam without
intermediate lateral restraint
9. Slenderness factor v for beams of uniform section
10. Effective length le for compression members
11. Effective length le for compression members in
trusses
12. Over-sized and slotted holes
13. Effective breadth ratio psi for simply supported
beams for point load at mid-span
14. Effective breadth ratio psi for interior spans of
continuous beams for point load at mid-span
15. Effective breadth ratio psi for propped cantilever
beams for point load at mid-span
16. Effective breadth ratio psi for cantilever beams
for point load at free-end
17. Diaphragm stiffness S
Numerous figures