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Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Wind loads

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29-07-2024

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AS/NZS 1170.2:2002
AS/NZS 1170.2 SUPP 1:2002

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20-03-1989

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Standards Australia

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1 - AS 1170.2-1989 SAA LOADING CODE - WIND LOADS (Amdt 3)
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
6 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION
6 - 1.1 SCOPE.
6 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
6 - 1.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES -SIMPLIFIED OR DETAILED.
6 - 1.3.1 Simplified procedure.
6 - 1.3.2 Detailed procedure - static and dynamic analysis.
6 - 1.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
6 - 1.4.1 General.
6 - 1.4.2 Stability limit state.
6 - 1.4.3 Strength limit state.
6 - 1.4.4 Ultimate limit states.
6 - 1.4.5 Serviceability limit state.
6 - 1.4.6 Permissible stress design procedure.
6 - 1.5 DETERMINATION OF WIND LOADS.
6 - 1.5.1 Methods of determination of wind loads.
7 - 1.5.2 Wind tunnel tests or similar determinations.
7 - 1.5.3 Wind tunnel tests on a specific structure.
7 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS.
8 - 1.7 NOTATION.
11 - SECTION 2. SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE
11 - 2.1 INTRODUCTION.
11 - 2.2 LIMITATION.
12 - 2.3 PROCEDURE.
12 - 2.3.1 General.
12 - 2.3.2 Forces (F) on elements of buildings.
12 - 2.4 BASIC PRESSURES.
12 - 2.4.1 External pressures on rectangular buildings.
12 - 2.4.1.1 General.
12 - 2.4.1.2 Windward sections of roofs.
12 - 2.4.1.3 Leeward sections of roofs.
12 - 2.4.1.4 Walls and undersides of eaves.
14 - 2.4.1.5 Local negative external pressures.
14 - 2.4.1.6 Local positive external pressures.
14 - 2.4.1.7 Under floor pressures of highset buildings.
14 - 2.4.2 Internal pressures.
14 - 2.4.3 Unenclosed attached canopies, awnings, carports and eaves.
14 - 2.4.3.1 General.
14 - 2.4.3.2 Main structural components.
14 - 2.4.3.3 Roof cladding and its immediate supports.
15 - 2.4.4 Free standing roofs.
15 - 2.4.4.1 General.
15 - 2.4.4.2 Main structural components.
15 - 2.4.4.3 Free roof cladding and its immediate supports.
15 - 2.4.5 Freestanding walls on ground.
15 - 2.4.6 Rectangular hoardings and signs.
15 - 2.5 MULTIPLYING FACTORS.
15 - 2.5.1 Regional multiplying factor (B1).
17 - 2.5.2 Terrain and height multiplying factor (B2).
17 - 2.5.3 Topographic multiplying factor (B3).
17 - 2.5.4 Roof reduction factor (B 4).
19 - 2.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
19 - 2.7 SERVICEABILITY DESIGN LOADS.
19 - 2.8 FARM BUILDINGS AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURES.
19 - 2.8.1 Farm buildings.
19 - 2.8.2 Temporary structures.
20 - SECTION 3. DETAILED PROCEDURE: STATIC ANALYSIS
20 - 3.1 LIMITATION.
20 - 3.2 GUST WIND SPEED.
20 - 3.2.1 General.
20 - 3.2.2 Derivation of design gust wind speed (Vz ).
20 - 3.2.3 Wind direction.
22 - 3.2.4 Terrain category.
22 - 3.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
22 - 3.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
24 - 3.2.7 Shielding multiplier
24 - 3.2.8 Topographic multiplier
24 - 3.2.9 Structure importance multiplier
25 - 3.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE
25 - 3.4 FORCES (F) AND PRESSURES (p ) ON ENCLOSED BUILDINGS, FREE ROOFS AND WALLS.
25 - 3.4.1 General.
25 - 3.4.1.1 Procedure.
26 - 3.4.1.2. Forces (F) on building elements.
26 - 3.4.1.3 Calculation of forces and moments on complete buildings.
26 - 3.4.2 External pressures
26 - 3.4.3 External pressure coefficients (C ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
28 - 3.4.4 Area reduction factors (Ka ) for roofs and side walls.
28 - 3.4.5 Local pressure factors (Kl ) for cladding.
30 - 3.4.6 Reduction factors (Kp ) for porous cladding.
30 - 3.4.7 Internal pressures (pi ).
31 - 3.4.8 Frictional drag force (Ff ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
31 - 3.4.9 Net pressures (pn ) for free roofs.
33 - 3.4.10 Net pressures (p n ) for canopies, awnings and carports, adjacent to enclosed buildings.
33 - 3.4.11 Net pressures (p ) for cantilevered roofs.
34 - 3.4.12 Frictional drag force (Ff) for free roofs and canopies.
34 - 3.4.13 Net pressure (pn) for hoardings and free-standing walls.
35 - 3.5 FORCES ON EXPOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
35 - 3.5.1 General.
35 - 3.5.2 Procedure.
36 - 3.5.3 Single open frames.
36 - 3.5.4 Multiple open frames.
36 - 3.5.5 Drag force coefficients (C d ) for lattice towers.
37 - 3.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
38 - SECTION 4. DETAILED PROCEDURE: DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
38 - 4.1 APPLICATION.
38 - 4.2 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED.
38 - 4.2.1 General.
38 - 4.2.2 Derivation of design hourly mean wind speed (V ).
38 - 4.2.3 Wind direction.
40 - 4.2.4 Terrain category.
40 - 4.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
41 - 4.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
42 - 4.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
42 - 4.2.8 Topographic multiplier
44 - 4.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (M i ).
44 - 4.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE
44 - 4.4 PROCEDURE AND DERIVATION.
44 - 4.4.1 General.
44 - 4.4.2 Along-wind response -tall buildings and towers.
46 - 4.4.3 Cross-wind response -tall buildings and enclosed towers.
46 - 4.4.4 Cross-wind response - cantilevered roofs and canopies.
46 - 4.4.5 Cross-wind response - lattice towers and masts.
46 - 4.4.6 Combination of along-wind and cross-wind responses.
50 - APPENDIX A - ADDITIONAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
50 - A1 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FOR MULTI-SPAN BUILDINGS (a <60°).
51 - A2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FOR CURVED ROOFS.
52 - A3 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (C p,e ) FOR MANSARD ROOFS.
52 - A4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (Cp,e ) FORCIRCULAR BINS, SILOS AND TANKS.
55 - APPENDIX B - SECTIONAL DRAG FORCE AND FORCE COEFFICIENTS AND ASPECT RATIO CORRECTION FACTORS
55 - B1 INTRODUCTION.
55 - B2 ROUNDED CYLINDRICAL SHAPES.
57 - B3 SHARP-EDGED PRISMS.
57 - B4 RECTANGULAR PRISMATIC SECTIONS.
58 - B5 STRUCTURAL SECTIONS.
60 - B6 ASPECT RATIO CORRECTIONS.
61 - APPENDIX C - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 1
61 - C1.1 SCOPE.
61 - C1.2 APPLICATION.
61 - C1.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES - SIMPLIFIED OR DETAILED.
61 - C1.3.1 Simplified procedure.
61 - C1.3.2 Detailed procedure - static and dynamic analysis.
61 - C1.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.
61 - C1.4.1 General.
61 - C1.4.2 Stability limit state.
61 - C1.4.3 Strength limit state.
61 - C1.4.4 Ultimate limit states.
61 - C1.4.5 Serviceability limit state.
61 - C1.4.6 Permissible stress design requirements.
61 - C1.5 DETERMINATION OF WIND LOADS.
61 - C1.5.1 Methods of determination of wind loads.
61 - C1.5.2 Wind tunnel tests or similar determinations.
61 - C1.5.3 Wind tunnel tests on a specific structure.
61 - C1.6 DEFINITIONS.
61 - C1.7 NOTATION.
63 - APPENDIX D - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 2
63 - D2.1 INTRODUCTION.
63 - D2.2 LIMITATION
63 - D2.3 PROCEDURE
63 - D2.4 BASIC PRESSURES
63 - D2.5 MULTIPLYING FACTORS
63 - D2.5.1 Regional multiplying factor (B1 )
63 - D2.6 FATIGUE LOADING
63 - D2.7 SERVICEABILITY DESIGN LOADS.
64 - APPENDIX E - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 3
64 - E3.1 LIMITATION.
64 - E3.2 GUST WIND SPEED.
64 - E3.2.1 General.
64 - E3.2.2 Derivation of design gust wind speed (Vz ).
66 - E3.2.3 Wind direction.
68 - E3.2.4 Terrain category.
68 - E3.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
71 - E3.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
73 - E3.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
74 - E3.2.8 Topographic multiplier
76 - E3.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (Mi ).
76 - E3.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE (qz ).
76 - E3.4 FORCES (F) AND PRESSURES (pz ) ON ENCLOSED BUILDINGS, FREE ROOFS AND WALLS.
76 - E3.4.1 General.
76 - E3.4.1.1 Procedure.
76 - E3.4.1.2 Forces (F) on building elements.
76 - E3.4.1.3 Calculation of forces and moments on complete buildings.
76 - E3.4.2 External pressures (pe ).
76 - E3.4.3 External pressure coefficients (Cp,e ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
76 - E3.4.4 Area reduction factors (Ka ) for roofs and side walls.
77 - E3.4.5 Local pressure factors (K l ) for cladding.
77 - E3.4.6 Reduction factors (Kp ) for porous cladding.
77 - E3.4.7 Internal pressures (pi ).
77 - E3.4.8 Frictional drag force (F f ) for rectangular enclosed buildings.
77 - E3.4.9 Net pressures (p n ) for free roofs.
77 - E3.4.10 Net pressures (p n ) for canopies, awnings and carports, adjacent to enclosed buildings.
77 - E3.4.11 Net pressures (pn ) for cantilevered roofs.
77 - E3.4.12 Frictional drag force (Ff ) for free roofs and canopies.
77 - E3.4.13 Net pressures (pn ) for hoardings and free-standing walls.
78 - E3.5 FORCES ON EXPOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
78 - E3.5.1 General.
78 - E3.5.2 Procedure.
78 - E3.5.3 Single open frames.
78 - E3.5.4 Multiple open frames.
78 - E3.5.5 Drag force coefficients (C d ) for lattice towers.
78 - E3.6 FATIGUE LOADING.
79 - APPENDIX F - EXPLANATORY MATERIAL TO SECTION 4
79 - F4.1 APPLICATION.
79 - F4.2 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED.
79 - F4.2.1 General.
79 - F4.2.2 Derivation of design hourly mean wind speed (Vz ).
80 - F4.2.3 Wind direction.
80 - F4.2.4 Terrain category.
80 - F4.2.5 Terrain and structure height multiplier
80 - F4.2.6 Changes in terrain category.
84 - F4.2.7 Shielding multiplier (M s ).
84 - F4.2.9 Structure importance multiplier (M i ).
84 - F4.2.8 Topographic multiplier (M t ).
84 - F4.3 DYNAMIC WIND PRESSURE (q z ).
85 - F4.4 PROCEDURE AND DERIVATION.
85 - F4.4.1 General.
86 - F4.4.2 Along-wind response - tall buildings and towers.
86 - F4.4.3 Cross-wind response - tall buildings and enclosed towers.
88 - F4.4.4 Cross-wind response - cantilevered roofs and canopies.
88 - F4.4.5 Cross-wind response - lattice towers and masts.
88 - F4.4.6 Combination of along-wind and cross-wind responses.
92 - REFERENCES
95 - INDEX

Sets out requirements for establishing the minimum wind loads in structural design, and is in a limit states format. It provides a simplified procedure for the determination of wind loads on a limited range of small structures and buildings, and a detailed procedure on a wide range of structures. Windspeeds are specified for the serviceability and ultimate strength/stability limit states, and for permissible stress design. Explanatory material is given in the appendices.

Committee	BD-006
DocumentType	Standard
ISBN	0 7262 5485 1
Pages	93
ProductNote	See also HB 21-1990
PublisherName	Standards Australia
Status	Superseded
SupersededBy	AS/NZS 1170.2:2002 AS/NZS 1170.2 SUPP 1:2002
Supersedes	AS 1170.2-1983 DR 87163

This Standard sets out procedures for determining design wind speeds and wind loads to be used in structural design of all buildings and components of buildings, bridges (minimum design wind speed only), and other structures subjected to wind. For bridges, the design wind loads shall be determined in accordance with the AUSTROADS Bridge Design Code. Major offshore structures remote from the coast and transmission lines are not covered, nor are the effects of tornadoes which are special-event winds. The design wind loads for structures containing high risk contaminants, such as some nuclear or biological materials is considered outside the scope of this Standard. This Standard does not attempt to account for possible future climatic changes.

Under Revision see DR 99419

AS 4204-1994	Headstones and cemetery monuments
AS 3995-1994	Design of steel lattice towers and masts
AS 4509.1-1999	Stand-alone power systems Safety requirements
AS 3516.2-1998	Siting of radiocommunications facilities - Guidelines for fixed, mobile and broadcasting services operating at frequencies above 30 MHz
AS/NZS 4676:2000	Structural design requirements for utility services poles
AS 3700 SUPP 4-1992	Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) - Extracts from AS 3700 - Masonry construction requirements (Supplement to AS 3700-1988)
AS/NZS 4666:2000	Insulating glass units
AS 3735-2001	Concrete structures for retaining liquids
AS 1418.10-1996	Cranes (including hoists and winches) - Elevating work platforms
AS 4065-1992	Concrete poles for overhead lines and street lighting
AS 1418.18-2001	Cranes, hoists and winches Crane runways and monorails
AS 4085-1992	Automatic sliding door assemblies
HB 132.2-1999	Structural upgrading of older houses Cyclone areas
AS 3700 SUPP 5-1992	Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) - Extracts from AS 3700 - Masonry housing requirements (Supplement to AS 3700-1988)
AS 3892-2001	Pressure equipment - Installation (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS/NZS 4284:1995	Testing of building facades
AS 2647-1994	Biological safety cabinets - Installation and use
AS 2159-1995	Piling - Design and installation
AS 4191-1994	Portable traffic signal systems
AS/NZS 4504.2:1998	Domestic garage doors - Methods of test Wind pressure test
AS 3600-2001	Concrete structures
AS 2050-1995	Installation of roof tiles
AS 4425-1996	Above ground burial structures
AS 2047-1999	Windows in buildings - Selection and installation
AS 1684-1992	National Timber Framing Code
AS/NZS 4600:1996	Cold-formed steel structures
AS 3610-1995	Formwork for concrete
AS/NZS 1576.1:1995	Scaffolding General requirements
AS 3700 SUPP 3-1992	Masonry in buildings (known as the SAA Masonry Code) - Extracts from AS 3700 - Masonry materials requirements (Supplement to AS 3700-1988)
AS 3990-1993	Mechanical equipment - Steelwork (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 3962-1991	Guidelines for design of marinas
AS/NZS 4192:1994	Illuminated flashing arrow signs
AS 3600-1994	Concrete structures
AS/NZS 1664.2:1997	Aluminium structures Allowable stress design (Reconfirmed 2020)
AS/NZS 3500.4.2:1997	National Plumbing and Drainage Hot water supply systems - Acceptable solutions
AS 2593-1995	Boilers - Unattended and limited attendance
AS 4324.1-1995	Mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials - General requirements for the design of steel structures
HB 132.1-1999	Structural upgrading of older houses Non-cyclone areas
AS 1894-1997	The storage and handling of non-flammable cryogenic and refrigerated liquids (Reconfirmed 2021)
AS/NZS 3500.4:2003	Plumbing and drainage Heated water services
HB 39-1997	Installation code for metal roof and wall cladding
AS 2424-1991	Plastics building sheets - General installation requirements and design of roofing systems
HB 49.1-1993	Sporting Facilities Manual Sports lighting
AS 3700-1998	Masonry structures
AS 3995(INT)-1991	Design of steel lattice towers and masts
AS 1418.1-2002	Cranes, hoists and winches General requirements
AS 4040.3-1992	Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding Resistance to wind pressures for cyclone regions (Reconfirmed 2016)
HB 2.2-1998	Australian Standards for civil engineering students - Structural engineering
AS 1576.1-1991	General requirements
AS 1418.15-1994	Cranes (including hoists and winches) - Concrete placing equipment
AS 4326-1995	The storage and handling of oxidizing agents
AS 4084-1993	Steel storage racking
AS 3623-1993	Domestic metal framing (Reconfirmed 2018)
AS 4440-1997	Installation of nailplated timber trusses
AS 1657-1992	Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation
AS 4100-1998	Steel structures (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 2156.2-2001	Walking tracks Infrastructure design
AS 1418.16-1997	Cranes (including hoists and winches) Mast climbing work platforms
AS/NZS 2647:2000	Biological safety cabinets - Installation and use
AS 3610 SUPP 2-1996	Formwork for concrete - Commentary (Supplement to AS 3610-1995)
AS 1288-1994	Glass in buildings - Selection and installation
AS/NZS 4200.1:1994	Pliable building membranes and underlays Materials
AS 3700-2001	Masonry structures
AS 4597-1999	Installation of roof slates and shingles (Non-interlocking type) (Reconfirmed 2015)
AS/NZS 4673:2001	Cold-formed stainless steel structures
AS 4041-1992	Pressure piping
AS/NZS 4065:2000	Concrete utility services poles
AS 2047.1-1996	Windows in buildings - Specification for materials and performance
AS 4055-1992	Wind loads for housing
AS 4678-2002	Earth-retaining structures
AS 3533.1-1997	Amusement rides and devices Design and construction
AS/NZS 1418.9:1996	Cranes (including hoists and winches) Vehicle hoists
AS 2049-1992	Roof tiles
AS 4290-2000	Design and installation of Revolving doors
AS/NZS 1562.3:1996	Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Plastic
AS 4509.2-2002	Stand-alone power systems - System design guidelines
AS/NZS 1562.2:1999	Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Corrugated fibre-reinforced cement (Reconfirmed 2020)
AS 1576.4-1991	Scaffolding Suspended scaffolding
AS/NZS 2699.2:2000	Built-in components for masonry construction Connectors and accessories
AS 3774-1996	Loads on bulk solids containers
AS 2049-2002	Roof tiles (Reconfirmed 2015)
AS 3500.4-1994	National Plumbing and Drainage Code Hot water supply systems
AS 1720.1-1997	Timber structures Design methods
AS 3785.5-1991	Underground mining - Shaft equipment Headframes
AS 2593-2001	Boilers - Unattended and limited attendance
AS 1288-2006	Glass in buildings - Selection and installation
AS 1210-1997	Pressure vessels
AS 2144-1995	Traffic signal lanterns
AS 3516.3-1991	Siting of radiocommunications facilities - Fixed location satellite earth stations
AS/NZS 4505:1998	Domestic garage doors
AS 1562.1-1992	Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Metal (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS/NZS 4290:1995	Design and installation of revolving doors
AS 3785.5-1998	Underground mining - Shaft equipment Headframes
AS 1668.3-2001	The use of ventilation and airconditioning in buildings Smoke control systems for large single compartments or smoke reservoirs
AS 2601-2001	The demolition of structures
AS/NZS 2785:2000	Suspended ceilings - Design and installation
AS 1418.1-1994	Cranes (including hoists and winches) General requirements
AS 2665-2001	Smoke/heat venting systems - Design, installation and commissioning (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 3850.2-1990	Tilt-up concrete and precast concrete elements for use in buildings - Guide to design, casting and erection of tilt-up panels
AS 4040.2-1992	Methods of testing sheet roof and wall cladding Resistance to wind pressures for non-cyclone regions (Reconfirmed 2016)
AS 3962-2001	Guidelines for design of marinas
AS 2327.1-1996	Composite structures - Simply supported beams
AS/NZS 2144:2002	Traffic signal lanterns
AS 2783-1992	Use of reinforced concrete for small swimming pools
AS 2979-1998	Traffic signal mast arms
AS/NZS 1664.1:1997	Aluminium structures Limit state design (Reconfirmed 2020)
AS 3892-1995	Pressure equipment - Installation
HB 125-2007	The glass and glazing handbook (including guide to AS 1288, Glass in buildings - Selection and installation)
AS 2187.1-1998	Explosives - Storage, transport and use Storage
HB 125-1998	The glass and glazing handbook

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AS 1170.2-1989

Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) Wind loads

Table of Contents

Abstract

General Product Information

Scope

History

Standards Referencing This Book

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