AS 2885.1-2007

1 - AS 2885.1-2007 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
4 - PREFACE
8 - CONTENTS
17 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
17 - 1.1 SCOPE
17 - 1.2 GENERAL
17 - 1.3 RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION
18 - 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
18 - 1.5 DEFINITIONS
18 - 1.5.1 Accessory
18 - 1.5.2 Approved and approval
18 - 1.5.3 As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)
18 - 1.5.4 Buckle
18 - 1.5.5 Casing
18 - 1.5.6 Collapse
18 - 1.5.7 Competent person
18 - 1.5.8 Common threats
18 - 1.5.9 Component
18 - 1.5.10 Construction
18 - 1.5.11 Control piping
19 - 1.5.12 Critical defect length
19 - 1.5.13 Defect
19 - 1.5.14 Dent
19 - 1.5.15 Failure
19 - 1.5.16 Fitting
19 - 1.5.17 Fluid
19 - 1.5.18 Gas
19 - 1.5.19 Heat
19 - 1.5.20 High consequence area
19 - 1.5.21 High vapour pressure liquid (HVPL)
19 - 1.5.22 Hoop stress
19 - 1.5.23 Hot tap
20 - 1.5.24 Inspector
20 - 1.5.25 Leak test
20 - 1.5.26 Licensee
20 - 1.5.27 Location class
20 - 1.5.28 May
20 - 1.5.29 Mechanical interference-fit joint
20 - 1.5.30 Nominated Standard
20 - 1.5.31 Non-credible threat
20 - 1.5.32 Non-location specific threat
20 - 1.5.33 Petroleum
20 - 1.5.34 Pig
20 - 1.5.35 Pig trap (scraper trap)
20 - 1.5.36 Pipework, mainline
20 - 1.5.37 Pipework, station
21 - 1.5.38 Piping
21 - 1.5.39 Pretested
21 - 1.5.40 Pressure, design
21 - 1.5.41 Pressure, maximum allowable operating (MAOP)
21 - 1.5.42 Pressure, maximum operating (MOP)
21 - 1.5.43 Pressure strength
21 - 1.5.44 Propagating fracture
21 - 1.5.45 Proprietary item
21 - 1.5.46 Protection measures, procedural
21 - 1.5.47 Protection measures, physical
21 - 1.5.48 Regulatory authority
21 - 1.5.49 Rupture
21 - 1.5.50 Safety management study or process
21 - 1.5.51 Shall
21 - 1.5.52 Should
22 - 1.5.53 Sour service
22 - 1.5.54 Specified minimum yield stress (SMYS)
22 - 1.5.55 Strength test
22 - 1.5.56 Telescoped pipeline
22 - 1.5.57 Threat
22 - 1.5.58 Wall thickness, design pressure (tP)
22 - 1.5.59 Wall thickness, required (tW)
22 - 1.5.60 Wall thickness, nominal(tN)
22 - 1.6 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
24 - 1.7 ABBREVIATIONS
26 - SECTION 2 SAFETY
26 - 2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
26 - 2.2 ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS
26 - 2.2.1 Approval
27 - 2.2.2 Documentation
27 - 2.2.3 Implementation
27 - 2.2.4 Safety management study validation
27 - 2.2.5 Operational Review
28 - 2.3 SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS
28 - 2.3.1 General
29 - 2.3.2 Threats
31 - 2.3.3 Controls
32 - 2.3.4 Failure analysis
33 - 2.3.5 Risk assessment
33 - 2.3.6 Demonstration of fault tolerance
33 - 2.4 STATIONS, PIPELINE FACILITIES AND PIPELINE CONTROL SYSTEMS
33 - 2.4.1 General
33 - 2.4.2 Safety assessments
34 - 2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
34 - 2.6 ELECTRICAL
35 - 2.7 CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING
35 - 2.7.1 Construction safety
36 - 2.7.2 Testing safety
36 - 2.7.3 Commissioning safety
37 - SECTION 3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
37 - 3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
37 - 3.2 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
37 - 3.2.1 General
37 - 3.2.2 Materials and components complying with nominated Standards
38 - 3.2.3 Materials and components complying with Standards not nominated in this Standard
39 - 3.2.4 Components, other than pipe, for which no Standard exists
39 - 3.2.5 Reclaimed pipe
39 - 3.2.6 Reclaimed accessories, valves and fittings
40 - 3.2.7 Identification of components
40 - 3.2.8 Material and components not fully identified
40 - 3.2.9 Unidentified materials and components
40 - 3.2.10 Hydrostatic test
40 - 3.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPONENTS TO BE WELDED
40 - 3.3.1 Welding of prequalified materials
40 - 3.3.2 Materials specifications
40 - 3.4 ADDITIONAL MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS
40 - 3.4.1 Yield strength
40 - 3.4.2 Pipe Yield to Tensile Ratio
41 - 3.4.3 Strength de-rating
41 - 3.4.4 Fracture toughness
41 - 3.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPERATURE°AFFECTED ITEMS
41 - 3.5.1 General
42 - 3.5.2 Items heated subsequent to manufacture
42 - 3.5.3 Pipe operated at elevated temperatures
42 - 3.5.4 Pipe exposed to cryogenic temperatures
42 - 3.6 MATERIALS TRACEABILITY AND RECORDS
42 - 3.7 RECORDS
43 - SECTION 4 DESIGN-GENERAL
43 - 4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
44 - 4.2 ROUTE
44 - 4.2.1 General
44 - 4.2.2 Investigation
45 - 4.2.3 Route selection
45 - 4.2.4 Route identification
46 - 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF LOCATIONS
46 - 4.3.1 General
46 - 4.3.2 Measurement length
46 - 4.3.3 Location classification
46 - 4.3.4 Primary location class
47 - 4.3.5 Secondary location class
48 - 4.4 PIPELINE MARKING
48 - 4.4.1 General
49 - 4.4.2 Sign location
50 - 4.4.3 Sign design
51 - 4.5 SYSTEM DESIGN
51 - 4.5.1 Design Basis
52 - 4.5.2 Maximum velocity
52 - 4.5.3 Design life
53 - 4.5.4 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
54 - 4.5.5 Minimum strength test pressure
54 - 4.6 ISOLATION
54 - 4.6.1 General
55 - 4.6.2 Isolation plan
55 - 4.6.3 Review of isolation plan
55 - 4.6.4 Isolation valves
56 - 4.7 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR HIGH CONSEQUENCE AREAS
56 - 4.7.1 General
57 - 4.7.2 No rupture
57 - 4.7.3 Maximum discharge rate
57 - 4.7.4 Change of location class
58 - 4.8 FRACTURE CONTROL
58 - 4.8.1 General
59 - 4.8.2 Fracture control plan
62 - 4.8.3 Specification of toughness properties for brittle fracture control
62 - 4.8.4 Specification of toughness properties for tearing fracture control
65 - 4.8.5 Critical defect length
66 - 4.9 LOW TEMPERATURE EXCURSIONS
66 - 4.10 ENERGY DISCHARGE RATE
67 - 4.11 RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
67 - 4.11.1 General
67 - 4.11.2 Penetration resistance requirements
68 - 4.11.3 Calculation of resistance to penetration
69 - SECTION 5 PIPELINE DESIGN
69 - 5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
69 - 5.2 DESIGN PRESSURE
69 - 5.2.1 Internal pressure
69 - 5.2.2 External pressure
70 - 5.3 DESIGN TEMPERATURES
70 - 5.4 WALL THICKNESS
70 - 5.4.1 Nominal wall thickness (tN)
71 - 5.4.2 Required wall thickness (tW)
71 - 5.4.3 Wall thickness for design internal pressure (tP)
72 - 5.4.4 Wall thickness for design internal pressure of bends
72 - 5.4.5 Wall thickness design for external pressure
73 - 5.4.6 Allowances (G)
73 - 5.4.7 Pipe manufacturing tolerance (H)
73 - 5.4.8 Wall thickness summary
75 - 5.5 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION
75 - 5.5.1 General
75 - 5.5.2 Depth of cover
76 - 5.5.3 Depth of cover-Rock trench
77 - 5.5.4 Design for protection-General requirements
78 - 5.5.5 Physical controls
79 - 5.5.6 Procedural controls
81 - 5.5.7 Other protection
81 - 5.6 PREQUALIFIED PIPELINE DESIGN
81 - 5.6.1 Minimum requirements
81 - 5.6.2 Prequalified design coverage
82 - 5.6.3 Prequalified design does not apply
82 - 5.6.4 Prequalified design not permitted
82 - 5.6.5 Prequalified design special cases
83 - 5.7 STRESS AND STRAIN
83 - 5.7.1 General
83 - 5.7.2 Terminology
84 - 5.7.3 Stresses due to normal loads
86 - 5.7.4 Stresses due to occasional loads
86 - 5.7.5 Stresses due to construction
86 - 5.7.6 Hydrostatic pressure testing
87 - 5.7.7 Fatigue
87 - 5.7.8 Summary of stress limits
87 - 5.7.9 Plastic strain and limit state design methodologies
88 - 5.8 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
88 - 5.8.1 General
89 - 5.8.2 Above°ground piping
89 - 5.8.3 Pipeline with reduced cover or above ground
92 - 5.8.4 Tunnels and shafts
92 - 5.8.5 Directionally drilled crossings
92 - 5.8.6 Submerged crossings
93 - 5.8.7 Pipeline attached to a bridge
94 - 5.8.8 Road and railway reserves
97 - 5.9 PIPELINES ASSEMBLIES
97 - 5.9.1 General
97 - 5.9.2 Scraper assemblies
97 - 5.9.3 Mainline valve assembly
97 - 5.9.4 Isolating valve assembly
97 - 5.9.5 Branch connection assembly
98 - 5.9.6 Attachment of pads, lugs and other welded connections
98 - 5.9.7 Special fabricated assemblies
99 - 5.10 JOINTING
99 - 5.10.1 General
99 - 5.10.2 Welded joints
99 - 5.10.3 Flanged joints
100 - 5.10.4 Threaded fittings
100 - 5.10.5 Other types
100 - 5.11 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORS
100 - 5.11.1 General
101 - 5.11.2 Settlement, scour, and erosion
101 - 5.11.3 Design
101 - 5.11.4 Forces on an above-ground pipeline
101 - 5.11.5 Attachment of anchors, supports, and clamps
101 - 5.11.6 Restraint due to soil friction
102 - 5.11.7 Anchorage at a connection
102 - 5.11.8 Support of branch connections
103 - SECTION 6 STATION DESIGN
103 - 6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
103 - 6.2 DESIGN
103 - 6.2.1 Location
104 - 6.2.2 Layout
104 - 6.2.3 Other considerations
104 - 6.2.4 Safety
107 - 6.3 STATION PIPEWORK
107 - 6.3.1 Design standard
107 - 6.3.2 Pipework subject to vibration
107 - 6.4 STATION EQUIPMENT
107 - 6.4.1 General
108 - 6.4.2 Pressure vessels
108 - 6.4.3 Proprietary equipment
108 - 6.4.4 Equipment isolation
108 - 6.4.5 Station valves
109 - 6.5 STRUCTURES
109 - 6.5.1 General
109 - 6.5.2 Buildings
109 - 6.5.3 Below°ground structures
110 - 6.5.4 Corrosion protection
110 - 6.5.5 Electrical installations
110 - 6.5.6 Drainage
112 - SECTION 7 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL DESIGN
112 - 7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
112 - 7.2 CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF PIPELINE SYSTEM
112 - 7.2.1 Pipeline pressure control
114 - 7.2.2 Separation of pipeline sections with different MAOP
114 - 7.2.3 Pipeline facility control
114 - 7.3 FLUID PROPERTY LIMITS
114 - 7.4 SCADA-SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITIONS SYSTEM
115 - 7.5 COMMUNICATION
115 - 7.6 CONTROL FACILITIES
116 - SECTION 8 MITIGATION OF CORROSION
116 - 8.1 BASIS OF SECTION
116 - 8.2 PERSONNEL
116 - 8.3 RATE OF DEGRADATION
116 - 8.3.1 Assessment
117 - 8.3.2 Internal corrosion
117 - 8.3.3 External corrosion
117 - 8.3.4 Environmentally assisted cracking
117 - 8.3.5 Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC)
117 - 8.4 CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
117 - 8.4.1 General
117 - 8.4.2 Corrosion mitigation methods
118 - 8.5 CORROSION ALLOWANCE
118 - 8.6 CORROSION MONITORING
119 - 8.7 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
119 - 8.7.1 General
119 - 8.7.2 Internal lining
119 - 8.7.3 Corrosion inhibitors and biocides
120 - 8.7.4 Corrosion°resistant materials
120 - 8.8 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS
120 - 8.8.1 General
120 - 8.8.2 Coating
121 - 8.8.3 Cathodic protection
121 - 8.8.4 Design considerations
122 - 8.8.5 Measurement of potential
123 - 8.8.6 Electrical earthing
123 - 8.9 EXTERNAL ANTI-CORROSION COATING
123 - 8.9.1 Coating system
123 - 8.9.2 Coating selection
123 - 8.9.3 Coating application
124 - 8.9.4 Joint and coating repair
124 - 8.10 INTERNAL LINING
124 - 8.10.1 Pipeline lining
124 - 8.10.2 Joint and lining repair
125 - SECTION 9 UPGRADE OF MAOP
125 - 9.1 BASIS OF SECTION
125 - 9.2 MAOP UPGRADE PROCESS
125 - 9.2.1 Process stages
125 - 9.2.2 Upgrade Design Basis
126 - 9.2.3 Data collection
127 - 9.2.4 Engineering analysis
129 - 9.2.5 Safety management study
129 - 9.2.6 Rectification
129 - 9.2.7 Revised MAOP
129 - 9.2.8 Approval
129 - 9.2.9 Commissioning and testing
129 - 9.2.10 Records
130 - SECTION 10 CONSTRUCTION
130 - 10.1 BASIS OF SECTION
130 - 10.2 SURVEY
130 - 10.2.1 General
130 - 10.2.2 Survey accuracy
130 - 10.2.3 Horizontal directional drilled installation
131 - 10.2.4 Records
131 - 10.3 HANDLING OF PIPE AND COMPONENTS
131 - 10.3.1 General
131 - 10.3.2 Pipe transport
131 - 10.3.3 Construction loads
132 - 10.4 INSPECTION OF PIPE AND COMPONENTS
132 - 10.4.1 General
132 - 10.4.2 Ovality
132 - 10.4.3 Buckles
132 - 10.4.4 Dents
132 - 10.4.5 Gouges, grooves and notches
132 - 10.4.6 Repair of defects
133 - 10.4.7 Laminations and notches
133 - 10.5 CHANGES IN DIRECTION
133 - 10.5.1 Accepted methods for changes in direction
133 - 10.5.2 Internal access
133 - 10.5.3 Changing direction at a butt weld
133 - 10.5.4 Bend fabricated from a forged bend or an elbow
133 - 10.5.5 Roped bends
133 - 10.6 COLD-FIELD BENDS
133 - 10.6.1 General
134 - 10.6.2 Qualification of cold-field bending procedure
134 - 10.6.3 Acceptance limits for field bends
135 - 10.7 FLANGED JOINTS
135 - 10.8 WELDED JOINTS
135 - 10.9 COVERING SLABS, BOX CULVERTS, CASINGS AND TUNNELS
135 - 10.10 SYSTEM CONTROLS
136 - 10.11 ATTACHMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
136 - 10.11.1 General
136 - 10.11.2 Aluminothermic welding
137 - 10.12 LOCATION
137 - 10.12.1 Position
137 - 10.12.2 Clearances
137 - 10.13 CLEARING AND GRADING
137 - 10.14 TRENCH CONSTRUCTION
137 - 10.14.1 Safety
138 - 10.14.2 Separation of topsoil
138 - 10.14.3 Dimensions of trenches
138 - 10.14.4 Bottoms of trenches
138 - 10.14.5 Scour
138 - 10.15 INSTALLATION OF A PIPE IN A TRENCH
138 - 10.15.1 General
138 - 10.15.2 Installation requirement
139 - 10.15.3 Development of specifications and procedures
139 - 10.16 PLOUGHING-IN AND DIRECTIONALLY DRILLED PIPELINES
139 - 10.16.1 General
140 - 10.16.2 Testing of coating integrity within directionally drilled installations
140 - 10.17 SUBMERGED CROSSINGS
140 - 10.18 REINSTATEMENT
140 - 10.19 TESTING OF COATING INTEGRITY OF BURIED PIPELINES
141 - 10.20 CLEANING AND GAUGING PIPELINES
142 - SECTION 11 INSPECTIONS AND TESTING
142 - 11.1 BASIS OF SECTION
142 - 11.2 INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN AND PROCEDURES
142 - 11.3 PERSONNEL
142 - 11.4 PRESSURE TESTING
142 - 11.4.1 Application
142 - 11.4.2 Exemptions from a field pressure test
142 - 11.4.3 Pre-tested pipe
143 - 11.4.4 Test procedure
143 - 11.4.5 Strength test pressures
143 - 11.4.6 Testing with air or gas
144 - 11.4.7 Pressure°testing loads
145 - 11.4.8 Acceptance criteria
145 - 11.5 COMMENCEMENT OF PATROLLING
146 - SECTION 12 DOCUMENTATION
146 - 12.1 RECORDS
147 - 12.2 RETENTION OF RECORDS
148 - APPENDIX A - REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
148 - A1 IDENTIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
148 - A2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
153 - APPENDIX B - SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS
153 - B1 GENERAL
154 - B2 WHOLE OF LIFE PIPELINE SAFETY MANAGEMENT
156 - B2.1 Project phases
157 - B3 Pre-requisites for safety management studies
159 - APPENDIX C - THREAT IDENTIFICATION
159 - C1 GENERAL
159 - C2 DESCRIPTION OF THREATS
159 - C2.1 External interference
160 - C2.2 Corrosion
160 - C2.3 Natural events
160 - C2.4 Operations and maintenance
161 - C2.5 Design defects
161 - C2.6 Material defects
161 - C2.7 Construction defects
162 - C2.8 Intentional damage
162 - C2.9 Other threats
163 - APPENDIX D - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION
163 - D1 INTRODUCTION
163 - D2 DEFINITION OF DESIGN EVENTS
164 - D3 EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE PROTECTION DESIGN
166 - APPENDIX E - EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCEDURAL CONTROLS FOR THE PREVENTION OF EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE DAMAGE TO PIPELINES
166 - E1 GENERAL
167 - E2 EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCEDURAL CONTROLS
167 - E3 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF PROCEDURAL CONTROLS
168 - E4 LIAISON
168 - E4.1 Landowner liaison
168 - E4.2 Third°party liaison
169 - E5 COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAMS
169 - E6 ONE-CALL SERVICES
170 - E7 MARKING
170 - E7.1 Pipeline markers
171 - E7.2 BURIED MARKER TAPE
171 - E8 AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER ENTITIES
172 - E9 PLANNING NOTIFICATION ZONES
172 - E10 PATROLLING
172 - E11 REMOTE INSTRUSION MONITORING
173 - APPENDIX F - QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
173 - F1 GENERAL
173 - F2 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
174 - F3 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
174 - F4 RISK RANKING
175 - F5 RISK TREATMENT
175 - F5.1 General
175 - F5.2 ALARP
176 - F5.3 Risk treatment during design
176 - F5.4 Risk treatment during operation
177 - APPENDIX G - ALARP
177 - G1 GENERAL
177 - G2 THE CONCEPT OF ALARP
178 - G3 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
179 - APPENDIX H - INTEGRITY OF THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS
179 - H1 INTRODUCTION
179 - H2 INTEGRITY REVIEW CONCEPTS
179 - H2.1 Approval
179 - H2.2 Specific information for specific threats
179 - H2.3 Effective controls
180 - H2.4 Positive confirmation
180 - H3 INTEGRITY CHECKING
180 - H3.1 General
180 - H3.2 Methodology
180 - H3.3 Personnel
181 - H3.4 Data and documentation
187 - APPENDIX I - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
187 - I1 GENERAL
188 - I2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS
189 - APPENDIX J - PREFERRED METHOD FOR TENSILE TESTING OF WELDED LINE PIPE DURING MANUFACTURE
189 - J1 APPLICABILITY
189 - J2 METHOD FOR DETERMINING TENSILE PROPERTIES
189 - J3 CRITERIA OF ACCEPTANCE
190 - APPENDIX K - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST METHODS
190 - K1 SCOPE
190 - K2 SAMPLING
190 - K3 FRACTURE APPEARANCE TESTING FOR CONTROL OF BRITTLE FRACTURE
190 - K3.1 General
190 - K3.2 Test specimens
190 - K3.3 Test temperature
190 - K3.4 Criteria of acceptance
191 - K4 ENERGY ABSORPTION TESTING FOR CONTROL OF LOW ENERGY TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
191 - K4.1 General
191 - K4.2 Test specimens
191 - K4.3 Test temperature
191 - K4.4 Criteria of acceptance
192 - APPENDIX L - FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN FOR STEEL PIPELINES
192 - L1 GENERAL
192 - L2 THE BASIS OF FRACTURE CONTROL
193 - L3 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND TEARING DUCTILE FRACTURE
193 - L3.1 General
193 - L3.2 Fluid parameters
194 - L3.3 Operating parameters
196 - L3.4 Diameter limits
196 - L3.5 Calculation of Charpy energy requirements for the arrest of ductile tearing fracture
196 - L4 GUIDANCE ON TEST TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATION
199 - L5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
199 - L5.1 Smaller diameter-High pressure pipe
200 - L5.2 Decompression behaviour and rich and multi-phase gases
200 - L6 REFERENCES
202 - APPENDIX M - CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
202 - M1 GENERAL
202 - M2 CALCULATIONS
202 - M3 TOOTH AND HOLE DIMENSIONS
204 - M4 TOOL FORCE
204 - M5 FACTOR B
206 - M6 AUSTRALIAN FIELD TRIALS
207 - APPENDIX N - FATIGUE
207 - N1 GENERAL
207 - N2 MATERIALS
207 - N3 DESIGN
207 - N3.1 General
208 - N3.2 Definition of fatigue life
209 - N3.3 Definition of stress cycles
209 - N3.4 Revalidation
210 - APPENDIX O - FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
210 - O1 GENERAL
210 - O2 INTERNAL CORROSION
210 - O3 EXTERNAL CORROSION
211 - O4 ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED CRACKING
211 - O5 CORROSION PRIOR TO COMMISSIONING
213 - APPENDIX P - ENVIRONMENT°RELATED CRACKING
213 - P1 GENERAL
213 - P2 HIGH pH (CLASSICAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
213 - P2.1 Description
213 - P2.2 Conditions
214 - P3 LOW pH (NEAR NEUTRAL) STRESS CORROSION CRACKING
214 - P3.1 Description
214 - P3.2 Conditions
215 - P4 HYDROGEN SULFIDE CRACKING
215 - P4.1 General
215 - P4.2 Hydrogen°induced cracking (HIC)
215 - P4.3 Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC)
216 - P5 HYDROGEN°ASSISTED COLD CRACKING (HACC)
216 - P6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO MITIGATE STRESS°CORROSION CRACKING
216 - P6.1 General
217 - P6.2 Stress
217 - P6.3 Cyclic variation of stress
217 - P6.4 Pipeline anti-corrosion coating
217 - P6.5 Age of pipeline
218 - P6.6 Soil environment
218 - P6.7 Surface preparation
218 - P6.8 Cathodic protection system
218 - P6.9 Pipe wall temperature
219 - P7 REFERENCES
220 - APPENDIX Q - INFORMATION FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
222 - APPENDIX R - MITIGATION OF EFFECTS FROM HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL POWERLINES
222 - R1 GENERAL
222 - R1.1 Powerline effects
222 - R1.2 High voltage direct current transmission lines
222 - R1.3 Mitigative measures
223 - R2 NATURE OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
223 - R2.1 General
223 - R2.2 Physical damage to the structure or its coating.
223 - R2.3 Risk to personnel who may be in contact with or close proximity to the structure
223 - R2.4 Cathodic protection
223 - R3 HAZARD MECHANISMS
223 - R3.1 General
224 - R3.2 Low frequency induction under operating conditions
224 - R3.3 Low frequency induction under fault conditions
224 - R3.4 Earth potential rise
225 - R3.5 Capacitive coupling
225 - R3.6 Conductive coupling
225 - R3.7 Lightning
226 - R4 ACCEPTABLE VOLTAGE LIMITS
226 - R4.1 General
226 - R4.2 Category A (see AS/NZS 4853)
226 - R4.3 Category B (see AS/NZS 4853)
227 - R4.4 Voltage limits during construction or maintenance activities.
227 - R4.5 Voltage limits on buried sections of pipeline.
227 - R5 ASSESSMENT OF HAZARD
228 - R6 PROTECTIVE MEASURES
228 - R7 PERSONNEL SAFETY DURING PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
228 - R7.1 General
228 - R7.2 Operational activities
229 - R7.3 Pipe excavation
229 - R7.4 Equipotential mats
229 - R7.5 Protective equipment
229 - R7.6 Pipe continuity
230 - APPENDIX S - PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
230 - S1 INTRODUCTION
230 - S2 BASIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD FIELD BENDS
231 - S3 OBJECTIVES
233 - S4 SUGGESTED METHOD
235 - APPENDIX T - GUIDELINES FOR THE TENSIONING OF BOLTS IN THE FLANGED JOINTS OF PIPING SYSEMS
235 - T1 INTRODUCTION
235 - T2 NOTATION
238 - T3 THE EFFECT OF THE GASKET ON THE LOAD CARRIED
238 - T4 STRENGTH CAPACITY OF A BOLT
238 - T5 INITIAL LOAD AND PRELOAD
239 - T6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLIED TORQUE AND TENSION
240 - T7 LOADS IMPOSED ON A BOLT
240 - T8 COMBINED STRESSES
240 - T8.1 Stresses during installation
241 - T8.2 Stresses during operation
241 - T8.3 Stresses during the hydrostatic pressure test
242 - T9 FATIGUE FROM OPERATING LOADS
242 - T10 THE EFFECTS OF PIPING LOADS ON FLANGED JOINTS
243 - T11 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
243 - T12 COMPONENTS OF THE FLANGE ASSEMBLY
243 - T13 DERATING OF ALLOWABLE STRESS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
244 - T14 ALLOWABLE STRESS LIMITS
244 - T15 WORKED EXAMPLE
244 - T15.1 Details for the worked example
244 - T15.2 Gasket compression and test pressure
245 - T15.3 Operating loads
245 - T15.4 The applied load (Q)
246 - T15.5 The applied torque (T)
246 - T15.6 Combined stress level in the bolts during installation
247 - T15.7 Stress level in the bolts during the hydrostatic pressure test
247 - T15.8 Sustained stress level in the bolts during operation
247 - T15.9 Fatigue stress level during operation
249 - T16 VALIDATION OF THE TORQUE WRENCH TIGHTENING PROCEDURE
251 - APPENDIX U - STRESS TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
251 - U1 GENERAL
251 - U2 STRESSES IN RESTRAINED PIPELINES
251 - ¿U2.1 Hoop or circumferential pressure stress (¿H)
252 - ¿U2.2 Longitudinal pressure stress (¿L)
252 - U2.3 Longitudinal thermal expansion stress
252 - ¿U2.4 Bending stress ¿W
253 - ¿U2.5 Direct axial stresses ¿F and ¿other
253 - ¿U2.6 Sustained stress (¿sus)
253 - ¿U2.7 Total longitudinal stress (¿T)
253 - U2.8 Total shear stress ()
254 - ¿U2.9 Combined equivalent stress (¿c)
254 - U3 STRESSES IN UNRESTRAINED PIPELINES
254 - ¿U3.1 Hoop or circumferential pressure stress (¿H)
254 - ¿U3.2 Longitudinal pressure stress (¿L)
255 - ¿U3.3 Thermal expansion stress (¿E)
255 - ¿U3.4 Bending stress (¿w)
256 - ¿U3.5 Direct axial stresses ¿F and ¿other
256 - ¿U3.6 Sustained stress (¿sus)
256 - U3.7 Total shear stress ()
256 - U4 STRESSES IN ALL PIPELINE APPLICATIONS
256 - ¿U4.1 Occasional stress (¿o)
258 - APPENDIX V - EXTERNAL LOADS
258 - V1 GENERAL
258 - V2 API RPI 1102
258 - V3 LOAD SITUATIONS
259 - V4 VEHICLE LOADS
259 - V5 EQUIVALENT API RP 1102 LOADS
260 - V6 OTHER DESIGN METHODS
262 - APPENDIX W - COMBINED EQUIVALENT STRESS
262 - W1 INTRODUCTION
262 - W2 DESIGN LIMITS
263 - W3 DISCUSSION OF DESIGN FACTOR, STRESS AND TEMPERATURE
263 - W4 DESIGN ENVELOPES
264 - W5 DERIVATION OF STRESS AND TEMPERATURE VALUES
264 - W5.1 The von Mises formula
266 - W5.2 Tresca formulae
272 - APPENDIX X - PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
272 - X1 GENERAL
272 - X2 FAILURE MODES AND CRITERIA
273 - X3 RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED PIPE
273 - X4 SUSTAINED AND SELF-LIMITING LOADS
274 - X5 THEORIES OF FAILURE (TRESCA AND VON MISES)
275 - X6 YIELDING
275 - X7 COMPUTATION OF STRESSES
277 - APPENDIX Y - RADIATION CONTOUR
277 - Y1 GENERAL
277 - Y2 FULL BORE RUPTURE OF GAS PIPELINE
280 - Y3 LEAK FROM GAS PIPELINE
281 - Y4 LIQUID HYDROCARBON PIPELINES
282 - APPENDIX Z - REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
282 - Z1 SCOPE
282 - Z2 REINFORCEMENT OF SINGLE WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
283 - Z3 Reinforcement of multiple openings
283 - Z3.1 Overlapping of effective reinforcement areas
283 - Z3.2 Minimum distance between adjacent openings
283 - Z3.3 Closely spaced openings
283 - Z4 EXTRUDED OUTLET
288 - APPENDIX AA - FIBREGLASS PIPE-MANUFACTURE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
288 - AA1 INTRODUCTION
288 - AA2 PIPE PROPERTIES
288 - AA2.1 Physical properties
289 - AA2.2 Damage
290 - AA2.3 Failure modes
290 - AA3 PIPE SPECIFICATION
290 - AA3.1 Pressure definition
291 - AA3.2 Process conditions
291 - AA3.3 Hydrostatic test conditions
292 - AA3.4 Bends
292 - AA3.5 Pressure design
292 - AA3.6 Joint selection
293 - AA4 PIPE MANUFACTURE
293 - AA4.1 ISO 14692/API 15HR/API 15LR/Other
293 - AA4.2 Shop testing
293 - AA4.3 Quality records
294 - AA5 PIPELINE DESIGN
294 - AA5.1 General
294 - AA5.2 Physical properties of the pipe required for design and analysis
295 - AA5.3 Structural design
295 - AA5.4 Transient loads
295 - AA5.5 Load combinations
295 - AA5.6 Design tools
296 - AA5.7 Burial and crossing design
296 - AA5.8 Environmental loads
296 - AA5.9 External interference risk
296 - AA5.10 Static electricity
296 - AA5.11 Fire
296 - AA5.12 Hazardous area classification
296 - AA6 PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
296 - AA6.1 General
296 - AA6.2 Competence and training
297 - AA6.3 Receipt, storage and handling
297 - AA6.4 Installation
297 - AA6.5 Supervision and inspection
298 - AA6.6 Quality records
298 - AA6.7 Hydrostatic testing
298 - AA6.8 Pigging and gauging
298 - AA7 MAINTENANCE
298 - AA7.1 Repair methods

Specifies requirements for the design and construction of carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipelines and associated piping and components that are used to transmit single-phase and multi-phase hydrocarbon fluids, such as natural and manufactured gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gasoline, crude oil, natural gas liquids and liquid petroleum products.

This Standard specifies requirements for design and construction of carbon and carbon-manganese steel pipelines and associated piping and components that are used to transmit single-phase and multi-phase hydrocarbon fluids, such as natural and manufactured gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gasoline, crude oil, natural gas liquids and liquid petroleum products.The principles are expressed in practical rules and guidelines for use by competent persons.The fundamental principles and the practical rules and guidelines set out in AS 2885.1, AS 2885.2, AS 2885.3 and AS 2885.5 are the basis on which an engineering assessment is to be made where these Standards do not provide detailed requirements appropriate to a specific item.NOTE: AS 2885.4 for offshore submarine pipeline systems is a standalone document.

First published in part as part of AS CB28-1972.
Revised and redesignated AS 1697-1975.
AS 1958 first published 1976.
AS 2018 first published 1977.
Second edition AS 1697-1979.
Third edition 1981.
Second edition AS 1958-1981.
Second edition AS 2018-1981.
AS 1958-1981 and parts of AS 1697-1981 and AS 2018-1981 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 2885-1987.
Parts of AS 1697-1981, AS 2018-1981 and AS 2885-1987 revised, amalgamated and redesignated in part as AS 2885.1-1997.
Second edition 2007.