1 - AS/NZS 2381.1:1999 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES-SELECTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE - GENERAL...
4 - PREFACE
6 - CONTENTS
8 - FOREWORD
9 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
9 - 1.1 SCOPE
9 - 1.2 APPLICATION
9 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
10 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
10 - 1.4.1 Approved, approval
10 - 1.4.2 Area
10 - 1.4.3 Area, hazardous
10 - 1.4.4 Area, non-hazardous
10 - 1.4.5 Authority, authority having jurisdiction
10 - 1.4.6 Cable trunking system
10 - 1.4.7 Canned pump
10 - 1.4.8 Chemical compatibility
10 - 1.4.9 Cloud ignition temperature (of dusts)
10 - 1.4.10 Combustible dust
10 - 1.4.11 Competent person
10 - 1.4.12 Degree of protection of enclosures
11 - 1.4.13 Earth sheath return (ESR) system
11 - 1.4.14 Electrical apparatus
11 - 1.4.15 Equipotential bonding
11 - 1.4.16 Ex component
11 - 1.4.17 Explosive atmosphere
11 - 1.4.18 Explosion-protection
11 - 1.4.19 Flammable gas or vapour
11 - 1.4.20 Flammable liquid
11 - 1.4.21 Flammable material
12 - 1.4.22 Flashpoint
12 - 1.4.23 Hazard
12 - 1.4.24 Heavy maintenance ('base maintenance')
12 - 1.4.25 Ignition source
12 - 1.4.26 Ignition temperature (of an explosive gas atmosphere)
12 - 1.4.27 Inherently explosive
12 - 1.4.28 Inspection
13 - 1.4.29 Instrument
13 - 1.4.30 Layer ignition temperature (of dusts)
13 - 1.4.31 Lower explosive limit (LEL)
13 - 1.4.32 Maintenance
13 - 1.4.33 Maximum surface temperature
13 - 1.4.34 Minimum dust cloud ignition energy
13 - 1.4.35 Non-incendive equipment
13 - 1.4.36 Pyrophoric
13 - 1.4.37 Overhaul
14 - 1.4.38 Repair
14 - 1.4.39 Source of release
14 - 1.4.40 Temperature classification
14 - 1.4.41 Unprotected surface
14 - 1.4.42 Upper explosive limit (UEL)
14 - 1.4.43 Verification dossier
14 - 1.4.44 Wiring, open
14 - 1.4.45 Zones, hazardous
14 - 1.4.46 Zones in explosive gas atmospheres
14 - 1.4.47 Zones in explosive dust atmospheres
14 - 1.5 STATUTORY REGULATIONS
14 - 1.6 DOCUMENTATION
15 - 1.7 QUALIFICATIONS OF PERSONNEL
16 - 1.8 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS
16 - 1.9 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
16 - 1.9.1 Protection from mechanical damage and environmental injury influences
16 - 1.9.2 Ambient temperature
16 - 1.9.3 Use of aluminium or light alloys
16 - 1.9.4 Toxic risks
16 - 1.9.5 Non-electrical ignition sources
17 - 1.9.6 Static electricity
17 - 1.9.7 Lightning
17 - 1.9.8 Electromagnetic radiation
17 - 1.9.9 Radiation from optical equipment
17 - 1.9.10 Cathodic protection
17 - 1.9.11 Personal equipment
18 - 1.10 PREVENTION OF EXPLOSION
18 - 1.10.1 General
18 - 1.10.2 Suppression or avoidance
18 - 1.10.3 Explosion-protected electrical equipment
18 - 1.10.4 Conditions of control
19 - 1.11 PRECAUTIONS
19 - 1.11.1 General
19 - 1.11.2 Equipment rendered 'not alive'
19 - 1.11.3 Equipment not rendered 'not alive'
19 - 1.11.4 Igniting agencies
20 - SECTION 2 SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
20 - 2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
20 - 2.2 SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT NOT PERMITTED IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
20 - 2.3 PERMITTED EQUIPMENT
20 - 2.4 ZONE 0, 1 AND 2 HAZARDOUS AREAS
20 - 2.4.1 Required information
21 - 2.4.2 Selection with respect to area classification
21 - 2.4.3 Selection with respect to temperature classification
23 - 2.4.4 Selection with respect to equipment grouping
23 - 2.4.5 Enclosures with internal sources of release
24 - 2.4.6 Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltages
24 - 2.4.7 Trace heating
24 - 2.5 ZONE 20, 21 AND 22 HAZARDOUS AREAS
24 - 2.5.1 Information required
25 - 2.5.2 Selection with respect to area classification
25 - 2.5.3 Selection with respect to temperature classification
25 - 2.5.4 Types of explosion-protection
26 - 2.5.5 Motors supplied at varying frequency and voltages
26 - 2.5.6 Heating equipment
27 - 2.6 VERIFICATION OF ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
27 - 2.6.1 General requirements for both Australia and New Zealand
27 - 2.6.2 Other acceptable certification
27 - 2.7 SELECTION OF REPAIRED OR EXISTING EQUIPMENT
29 - SECTION 3 INSTALLATION
29 - 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
29 - 3.2 GENERAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
29 - 3.2.1 General
29 - 3.2.2 Access
29 - 3.2.3 Electrical rating
29 - 3.2.4 Associated equipment located in non-hazardous areas
29 - 3.2.5 Intrinsically safe installations
29 - 3.3 EARTHING
29 - 3.3.1 General
29 - 3.3.2 Enclosure and termination of earthing conductors
30 - 3.3.3 Earthing of spare conductors
30 - 3.3.4 Earthing of aircraft
30 - 3.4 EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING
30 - 3.4.1 General
31 - 3.4.2 Temporary bonding
31 - 3.4.3 Bonding of metallic enclosures, conduits, sheaths and armour
31 - 3.5 ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
31 - 3.5.1 General
31 - 3.5.2 Location of protection and control equipment
31 - 3.5.3 Resetting of short-circuit and earth-fault protection devices
31 - 3.5.4 Phase failure protection
31 - 3.6 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
32 - 3.7 EMERGENCY SWITCH-OFF
32 - 3.8 WIRING SYSTEMS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
32 - 3.8.1 Specific methods not permitted
33 - 3.8.2 Permitted types
33 - 3.8.3 Telecommunications circuits
33 - 3.8.4 Avoidance of damage
34 - 3.8.5 Passage and collection of flammables
35 - 3.8.6 Circuits traversing a hazardous area
35 - 3.8.7 Fortuitous contact
35 - 3.8.8 Flexible connections to fixed equipment
35 - 3.8.9 Surge protection of circuits supplied from overhead lines
35 - 3.8.10 Wiring entry
35 - 3.8.11 Unused entries
35 - 3.8.12 Jointing
36 - 3.8.13 Protection of stranded ends
36 - 3.8.14 Glands and seals
36 - 3.8.15 Conduit systems
38 - 3.8.16 Equipment circuit identification
38 - 3.9 EQUIPMENT - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
38 - 3.9.1 Installation of equipment
38 - 3.9.2 Lighting
38 - 3.9.3 Fastenings and tools
39 - 3.9.4 Equipment above hazardous areas
40 - 3.9.5 Non-electric entries
40 - 3.9.6 Plugs
40 - 3.9.7 Motors
40 - 3.10 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONS IN ZONE 0 AREAS
40 - 3.10.1 Flexible cable systems
40 - 3.10.2 Conduit systems
40 - 3.11 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONS IN ZONE 1 AREAS
40 - 3.11.1 Flexible connections
41 - 3.11.2 Cable glands
42 - 3.11.3 Plugs and socket-outlets
42 - 3.11.4 Pendant luminaires
42 - 3.11.5 Heating cables
42 - 3.12 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONS IN ZONE 2 AREAS
42 - 3.12.1 Wiring systems
43 - 3.12.2 Pendant luminaires
43 - 3.13 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONS IN ZONE 20, 21 AND 22 AREAS
43 - 3.13.1 Wiring systems
43 - 3.13.2 Flexible connections
43 - 3.13.3 Cable glands/entries
43 - 3.13.4 Dielectrics having a flashpoint exceeding 250°C
43 - 3.13.5 Luminaires
43 - 3.13.6 Pendant luminaires
44 - 3.13.7 Plugs and socket-outlets
44 - 3.14 SPECIFIC OCCUPANCIES
44 - 3.14.1 General
44 - 3.14.2 Ovens
44 - 3.14.3 Fuel dispensing
44 - 3.14.4 Finishing processes
47 - 3.14.5 Flammable medical agents
47 - 3.14.6 Laboratory fume cupboards
47 - 3.14.7 Secondary batteries in buildings
47 - 3.15 TRACE HEATING
48 - SECTION 4 INSPECTION AND TESTING INCLUDING COMMISSIONING
48 - 4.1 GENERAL
48 - 4.2 DOCUMENTATION
48 - 4.3 INSPECTION
48 - 4.3.1 General
51 - 4.3.2 Types of inspection
52 - 4.3.3 Grades of inspection
52 - 4.4 ITEMS REQUIRING INSPECTION
52 - 4.5 TESTING
52 - 4.5.1 General
52 - 4.5.2 Pre-commissioning tests
53 - SECTION 5 MAINTENANCE
53 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
53 - 5.2 REMEDIAL MEASURES AND MODIFICATIONS TO EQUIPMENT
53 - 5.3 MAINTENANCE OF FLEXIBLE CABLES
53 - 5.4 WITHDRAWAL FROM SERVICE
53 - 5.5 FASTENINGS AND TOOLS
53 - 5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
54 - 5.7 EARTHING AND EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING
54 - 5.8 CONDITIONS OF USE
54 - 5.9 MOVABLE EQUIPMENT AND ITS CONNECTIONS
54 - 5.10 OVERHAUL AND REPAIR
55 - APPENDIX A - LIST OF ADDITIONAL STANDARDS RECOGNIZED BY REGULATORYAUTHORITIES IN NEW ZEALAND
56 - APPENDIX B - EUROPEAN CERTIFICATION BODIES WHO CAN ISSUE ELECTRICAL SAFETY CERTIFICATION ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR USE...
59 - APPENDIX C - FRICTIONAL SPARKING RISKS WITH LIGHT METALS*AND THEIR ALLOYS
59 - C1 GENERAL
59 - C2 RIGIDLY MOUNTED EQUIPMENT
59 - C3 PORTABLE AND TRANSPORTABLE EQUIPMENT
59 - C4 FANS
59 - C5 ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS
61 - APPENDIX D - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
65 - APPENDIX E - ENCLOSURES WITH INTERNAL SOURCES OF RELEASE
65 - E1 GENERAL
65 - E2 TYPE AND EXTENT OF INTERNAL RELEASE
66 - E3 COMBINATION OF TYPES OF RELEASE
66 - E3.1 General
67 - E4 EFFECT OF THE COMBINATIONS OF TYPES OF RELEASE ON AREA CLASSIFICATION
68 - E5 PROTECTION FOR ENCLOSURES CONTAINING A SOURCE OF RELEASE
68 - E5.1 Types of enclosure
68 - E5.2 Flameproof enclosure
68 - E5.3 Pressurized and continuously diluted enclosures
68 - E5.4 Other enclosures
68 - E6 SELECTION OF A TYPE OF EXPLOSION-PROTECTION
68 - E6.1 For enclosures containing a source of release
69 - E6.2 Using Table E1
71 - APPENDIX F - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUIPMENT GROUPS AND FORMERGAS GROUPS OR CLASSES
72 - APPENDIX G - REPORT ON THE DANGER FROM HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHT SOURCES INHAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES
72 - G1 INTRODUCTION
72 - G2 BREADTH OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
73 - G3 REFERENCE EXPERIMENTS
73 - G4 CORRELATION WITH KNOWN IGNITION PARAMETERS
75 - G5 PREDICTIVE COMPUTATIONS
75 - G6 LIMITING SAFETY CRITERIA AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
76 - G7 CONCLUSIONS
80 - APPENDIX H - THE NATIONAL CERTIFICATION SCHEMESFOR EXPLOSION-PROTECTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT(TERMED Ex EQUIPMENT)
80 - H1 INTRODUCTION
80 - H2 AUS Ex SCHEME
82 - H3 ANZEx SCHEME
82 - H3.1 Background
83 - H3.2 Outline of ANZEx Scheme
84 - APPENDIX I - PROPERTIES OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, VAPOURS AND GASES
84 - I1 SCOPE
84 - I2 FLASHPOINT
84 - I2.1 General
84 - I2.2 Materials having high flashpoints
84 - I2.3 Classification of flashpoints
85 - I3 IGNITION TEMPERATURE
85 - I3.1 General
85 - I3.2 Use of ignition temperature
85 - I4 EXPLOSIVE (FLAMMABLE) LIMITS
85 - I5 EXPLOSIVE (FLAMMABILITY) RANGE
85 - I6 VAPOUR DENSITY
85 - I6.1 General
86 - I6.2 Effects of temperature changes
86 - I7 BOILING POINT
86 - I8 TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION
86 - I9 CLASSIFICATION OF GASES AND VAPOURS
86 - I9.1 General
87 - I9.2 Classification according to the Maximum Experimental Safe Gaps (MESG)
87 - I9.3 Classification according to the Minimum Igniting Currents (MIC)
87 - I9.4 Classification according to MESG and MIC
87 - I9.5 Classification according to a similarity of chemical structure
88 - I10 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
88 - I10.1 Relation between ignition temperature and maximum surface temperature
88 - I10.2 Mixtures of compounds
89 - I10.3 Mists
89 - I10.4 Impurities
89 - I10.5 Effect of environments having other than normal atmospheric conditions
90 - APPENDIX J - CALCULATION OF THE EXPLOSIVE LIMITS FOR A MIXTURE OF GASES
90 - J1 LIMITS FOR SIMPLE MIXTURES
91 - J2 LIMITS FOR COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL GAS MIXTURES