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  • IEEE 693-2005

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    Superseded A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
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    SEISMIC DESIGN OF SUBSTATIONS

    Available format(s):  Hardcopy, PDF

    Superseded date:  08-04-2019

    Language(s):  English

    Published date:  01-01-2005

    Publisher:  Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers

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    Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    1 Overview
      1.1 General
      1.2 Scope
      1.3 Purpose
      1.4 How to use this recommended practice
      1.5 Acceptance of previously qualified electrical equipment
      1.6 Earthquakes and substations
      1.7 Design and construction
      1.8 The equipment at risk
      1.9 Mechanical loads
    2 Normative references
    3 Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations
      3.1 Definitions
      3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms
    4 Instructions
      4.1 General
      4.2 Specifying this recommended practice in user's
           specifications
      4.3 Standardization of criteria
      4.4 Selection of qualification level
      4.5 Witnessing of shake-table testing
      4.6 Optional qualification methods
      4.7 Qualifying equipment by group
      4.8 Inherently acceptable equipment
      4.9 Shake-table facilities
      4.10 Equipment too large to be tested in its in-service
           configuration
      4.11 Report templates
    5 Installation considerations
      5.1 General
      5.2 Equipment assembly
      5.3 Site response characteristics
      5.4 Soil-structure interaction
      5.5 Support structures
      5.6 Base isolation
      5.7 Suspended equipment
      5.8 Anchorage
      5.9 Conductor induced loading
      5.10 Short-circuit loads
      5.11 Wind and ice loads
    6 Qualification methods: an overview
      6.1 General
      6.2 Analysis methods
      6.3 Testing methods
      6.4 Special test cases
      6.5 Qualification method for specific equipment
      6.6 Functionality of equipment
      6.7 Qualification by seismic experience data
      6.8 Response spectra
      6.9 Damping
    7 Design consideration
      7.1 Structural supports, excluding foundations
      7.2 Foundation analysis
      7.3 Station service
      7.4 Emergency power systems
      7.5 Telecommunication equipment
    8 Seismic performance criteria for electrical substation equipment
      8.1 Introduction
      8.2 Objective
      8.3 Seismic qualification levels
      8.4 Projected performance
      8.5 Seismic qualification
      8.6 Selecting the seismic level for seismic qualification
    Annex A (normative) Standard clauses
    Annex B (normative) Equipment, general
    Annex C (normative) Circuit breakers
    Annex D (normative) Transformers and liquid-filled reactors
    Annex E (normative) Disconnect and grounding switches
    Annex F (normative) Instrument transformers
    Annex G (normative) Air core reactors
    Annex H (normative) Circuit switches
    Annex I (normative) Suspended equipment
    Annex J (normative) Station batteries and battery racks
    Annex K (normative) Surge arresters
    Annex L (normative) Substation electronic devices, distribution
            panels and switchboards, and solid-state rectifiers
    Annex M (normative) Metalclad switchgear
    Annex N (normative) Cable terminators (potheads)
    Annex O (normative) Capacitors, series, and shunt compensation
    Annex P (normative) Gas-insulated switchgear
    Annex Q (normative) Experience-based qualification procedures
            for low-voltage substation equipment
    Annex R (informative) Composite and porcelain insulators
    Annex S (normative) Analysis report template
    Annex T (normative) Test report template
    Annex U (informative) Specifications
    Annex V (informative) Bibliography

    Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Presents recommendations for the seismic design of substation buildings, structures, and equipment.

    General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    Development Note Supersedes IEEE DRAFT 693. (05/2006)
    Document Type Standard
    Publisher Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
    Status Superseded
    Superseded By
    Supersedes

    Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    IEEE 141 : 1993 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
    CSA S832 : 2014 SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION OF OPERATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS (OFCS) OF BUILDINGS
    IEEE C37.122.4 : 2016 APPLICATION AND USER GUIDE FOR GAS-INSULATED TRANSMISSION LINES, RATED 72.5 KV AND ABOVE
    CEI 14-43 : 2011 GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION, SPECIFICATION, AND TESTING OF PHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS
    02/210916 DC : DRAFT OCT 2002 IEC 62271-002 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 002: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR RATED VOLTAGES OF 72,5 KV AND ABOVE
    IEEE DRAFT 1527 : 0 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK LOCATED IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
    IEEE C37.017-2010 BUSHINGS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE [OVER 1000 V (AC)] CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR
    CEI EN 62271-207 : 2014 HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
    PD IEC/TR 63042-100:2016 UHV AC transmission systems General information
    CSA C60044-5:2007 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 5: CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-5 : 2007 : R2011 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 5: CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE 1726 : 2013 GUIDE FOR THE FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION OF FIXED-SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
    IEEE C57.32 : 2015 REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEUTRAL GROUNDING DEVICES
    CSA C60044-8 : 2007 : R2016 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE 1277 : 2010 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE AND OIL-IMMERSED SMOOTHING REACTORS FOR DC POWER TRANSMISSION
    IEEE C37.241 : 2017 APPLICATION OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS FOR PROTECTIVE RELAYING
    EN 62271-1:2017 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
    NFPA 502 : 2017 ROAD TUNNELS, BRIDGES, AND OTHER LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS
    IEEE C37.23-2003 METAL-ENCLOSED BUS
    IEC 60143-1:2015 Series capacitors for power systems - Part 1: General
    EN 60143-1:2015/AC:2017-05 Series capacitors for power systems - Part 1: General
    UFC 3-520-05 : Change 1 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA - STATIONARY BATTERY AREAS
    IEEE 1534-2009 REDLINE IEEE Recommended Practice for Specifying Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors
    IEEE 1601-2010 IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Optical AC Current and Voltage Sensing Systems
    IEEE C37.122.2-2011 IEEE Guide for the Application of Gas-Insulated Substations 1 kV to 52 kV
    IEEE C62.11-2012 REDLINE IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (>1 kV)
    IEEE C37.23-2015 IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus
    TM 5-811-1 : V19950228 ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL - ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
    15/30265353 DC : 0 BS EN 62271-1 ED 2 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 1: COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR
    01/203455 DC : DRAFT MAY 2001 IEC 60143-1 ED.4.0 - SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS
    PD IEC/TR 62001:2009 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
    05/30132701 DC : DRAFT APR 2005 IEC 62271-300 ED 1 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 300: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
    IEEE 1031 : 2011 GUIDE FOR THE FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS
    CSA C60044-8 : 2007 : R2011 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE C37.100.1 : 2007 COMMON REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SWITCHGEAR RATED ABOVE 1000 V
    IEEE C37.010 : 1999 AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS > 1000 VAC RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS
    IEEE C37.302 : 2015 FAULT CURRENT LIMITER (FCL) TESTING OF FCLS RATED ABOVE 1000 V AC
    IEEE DRAFT C57.93 : D13 2005 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C22.3 No. 61936-1 : 2008 POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 KV A.C. - PART 1: COMMON RULES
    IEC 62271-1:2017 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
    IEC TS 62271-210:2013 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 210: Seismic qualification for metal enclosed and solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear assemblies for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
    UNE-EN 62271-207:2012 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 207: Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
    IEEE C57.16 : 2011 REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE AIR-CORE SERIES-CONNECTED REACTORS
    IEEE C37.04 : 1999 IEEE STANDARD RATING STRUCTURE FOR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS
    IEEE C57.19.00 : 2004 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR POWER APPARATUS BUSHINGS
    14/30310457 DC : 0 BS EN 60143-1 - SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS - PART 1: GENERAL
    IEC TR 62001:2009 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
    IEEE DRAFT 605 : APR 97 DRAFT STANDARD GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES
    09/30211740 DC : 0 BS EN 62271-210 ED1 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 210: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR METAL-ENCLOSED SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 1 KV AND UP TO AND INCLUDING 52 KV
    DD IEC PAS 62001 : 2004 GUIDE TO THE SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN EVALUATION OF A.C. FILTERS FOR HVDC SYSTEMS
    IEC TR 62271-300:2006 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 300: Seismic qualification of alternating current circuit-breakers
    CSA C60044-2 : 2007 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 2: INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-8 :2007 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-2 : 2007 : R2011 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 2: INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE C57.13.5-2009 REDLINE IEEE Standard of Performance and Test Requirements for Instrument Transformers of a Nominal System Voltage of 115 kV and Above
    I.S. EN 62271-207:2012 HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV (IEC 62271-207:2012 (EQV))
    BS EN 62271-1:2017 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
    CSA C61869-1 : 2014 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
    IEC 62032:2012 Guide for the Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers
    IEEE 3001.2:2017 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR EVALUATING THE ELECTRICAL SERVICE REQUIREMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS
    IEEE/IEC C37.60-2012 REDLINE IEEE/IEC International Standard - High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 111: Automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV
    BS EN 62271-2:2003 HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 2: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR RATED VOLTAGES OF 72,5 KV AND ABOVE
    05/30134423 DC : DRAFT JUN 2005 IEC 62271-207 - HV SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
    CSA C22.3 No. 61936-1 : 2008 : R2015 POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 KV A.C. - PART 1: COMMON RULES
    PD IEC/TS 61463:2016 Bushings. Seismic qualification
    IEC TS 61463:2016 Bushings - Seismic qualification
    UFC 3-310-04 : Change 1 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA - SEISMIC DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS
    CSA C60044-7 : 2007 : R2016 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    BS EN 62271-207:2012 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
    CSA C60044-7 : 2007 : R2011 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-7 : 2007 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-1 : 2007 : R2011 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
    CSA C60044-1 : 2007 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE C37.12 : 2008 SPECIFICATIONS OF HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (OVER 1000 VOLTS)
    IEC 62271-111:2012 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 111: Automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV
    IEC TR 62001-4:2016 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters - Part 4: Equipment
    IEC PAS 62001:2004 Guide to the specification and design evaluation of a.c. filters for HVDC systems
    IEC TR 63042-100:2016 UHV AC transmission systems - Part 100: General information
    IEC 62271-2:2003 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Seismic qualification for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above
    IEEE 241 : 1990 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
    IEEE C57.21 : 2008 REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR SHUNT REACTORS RATED OVER 500 KVA
    BS EN 60143-1:2015 Series capacitors for power systems General
    IEEE 1527 : 2006 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK LOCATED IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
    10/30232728 DC : 0 BS EN 62271-207 ED 2 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
    PD IEC/TS 62271-210:2013 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Seismic qualification for metal enclosed and solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear assemblies for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
    IEEE C37.016 : 2006 AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT SWITCHERS RATED 15.5 KV THROUGH 245 KV
    PD IEC/TR 62001-4:2016 High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Equipment
    IEEE C37.122.1-2014 REDLINE IEEE Guide for Gas-Insulated Substations Rated Above 52 kV
    16/30349321 DC : 0 BS EN 60076-11 ED 2.0 - POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 11: DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE 1187-2013 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID STORAGE BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
    IEEE 1303 : 2011 GUIDE FOR STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR FIELD TESTS
    IEEE C57.93-2007 INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE 1106-2015 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND REPLACEMENT OF VENTED NICKEL- CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
    IEEE C57.135 : 2011 GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION, SPECIFICATION, AND TESTING OF PHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS
    I.S. EN 60143-1:2015 SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS - PART 1: GENERAL
    IEEE 1585 : 2002 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE (1-35 KV) ELECTRONIC SERIES DEVICES FOR COMPENSATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
    IEEE 1623-2004 GUIDE FOR THE FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE (1 KV - 35 KV) ELECTRONIC SHUNT DEVICES FOR DYNAMIC VOLTAGE COMPENSATION
    IEEE C93.3-2017 IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps (30 kHz to 500 kHz)
    I.S. EN 62271-1:2017 HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 1: COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR
    IEEE C37.21-2005 CONTROL SWITCHBOARDS
    IEEE C37.20.1:2015 METAL-ENCLOSED LOW-VOLTAGE (1000 VAC AND BELOW, 3200 VDC AND BELOW) POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER SWITCHGEAR
    IEC 62271-207:2012 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 207: Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
    EN 62271-207:2012 HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV (IEC 62271-207:2012)
    EN 62271-2:2003 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Seismic qualification for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above

    Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

    ANSI C37.32 : 2002 HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHES, BUS SUPPORTS, AND ACCESSORIES SCHEDULES OF PREFERRED RATINGS, CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES, AND SPECIFICATIONS
    IEEE 1187-2013 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID STORAGE BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
    IEEE 1106-2015 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND REPLACEMENT OF VENTED NICKEL- CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
    IEEE C37.20.2-2015 REDLINE IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear
    IEEE C57.16 : 2011 REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE AIR-CORE SERIES-CONNECTED REACTORS
    IEC 61109:2008 Insulators for overhead lines - Composite suspension and tension insulators for a.c. systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V - Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria
    IEC 60672-3:1997 Ceramic and glass-insulating materials - Part 3: Specifications for individual materials
    IEEE C57.12.00-2015 STANDARD FOR GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID-IMMERSED DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS
    IEEE C57.19.00 : 2004 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR POWER APPARATUS BUSHINGS
    IEEE 344-2013 SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING STATIONS
    IEEE 1527 : 2006 DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK LOCATED IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
    IEEE 1036 : 2010 GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF SHUNT POWER CAPACITORS
    ASTM D 2303 : 2013 Standard Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials
    NEMA SG 4:2009(R2013) ALTERNATING CURRENT HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
    IEEE 484-2002 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF VENTED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
    ANSI C37.06 : 2009 AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS - PREFERRED RATINGS AND RELATED REQUIRED CAPABILITIES
    IEEE C37.09 : 1999 TEST PROCEDURE FOR AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS
    IEEE 1133-1988 IEEE Application Guide for Evaluating Nonceramic Materials for High-Voltage Outdoor Applications
    IEEE C37.90.1-2012 REDLINE IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
    ANSI/NEMA C93.1-1999 American National Standard for Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Coupling Capacitors and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs)
    IEEE 450-2010 IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
    IEC 60587:2007 Electrical insulating materials used under severe ambient conditions - Test methods for evaluating resistance to tracking and erosion
    IEEE C57.21 : 2008 REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR SHUNT REACTORS RATED OVER 500 KVA
    AWS D1.1 : 2000 STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE - STEEL
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