IEEE 693-2005

Superseded

Superseded A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

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IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations

Available format(s): PDF

Superseded date: 08-04-2019

Language(s): English

Published date: 08-05-2006

Publisher: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers

Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

1 Overview
  1.1 General
  1.2 Scope
  1.3 Purpose
  1.4 How to use this recommended practice
  1.5 Acceptance of previously qualified electrical equipment
  1.6 Earthquakes and substations
  1.7 Design and construction
  1.8 The equipment at risk
  1.9 Mechanical loads
2 Normative references
3 Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations
  3.1 Definitions
  3.2 Abbreviations and acronyms
4 Instructions
  4.1 General
  4.2 Specifying this recommended practice in user's
       specifications
  4.3 Standardization of criteria
  4.4 Selection of qualification level
  4.5 Witnessing of shake-table testing
  4.6 Optional qualification methods
  4.7 Qualifying equipment by group
  4.8 Inherently acceptable equipment
  4.9 Shake-table facilities
  4.10 Equipment too large to be tested in its in-service
       configuration
  4.11 Report templates
5 Installation considerations
  5.1 General
  5.2 Equipment assembly
  5.3 Site response characteristics
  5.4 Soil-structure interaction
  5.5 Support structures
  5.6 Base isolation
  5.7 Suspended equipment
  5.8 Anchorage
  5.9 Conductor induced loading
  5.10 Short-circuit loads
  5.11 Wind and ice loads
6 Qualification methods: an overview
  6.1 General
  6.2 Analysis methods
  6.3 Testing methods
  6.4 Special test cases
  6.5 Qualification method for specific equipment
  6.6 Functionality of equipment
  6.7 Qualification by seismic experience data
  6.8 Response spectra
  6.9 Damping
7 Design consideration
  7.1 Structural supports, excluding foundations
  7.2 Foundation analysis
  7.3 Station service
  7.4 Emergency power systems
  7.5 Telecommunication equipment
8 Seismic performance criteria for electrical substation equipment
  8.1 Introduction
  8.2 Objective
  8.3 Seismic qualification levels
  8.4 Projected performance
  8.5 Seismic qualification
  8.6 Selecting the seismic level for seismic qualification
Annex A (normative) Standard clauses
Annex B (normative) Equipment, general
Annex C (normative) Circuit breakers
Annex D (normative) Transformers and liquid-filled reactors
Annex E (normative) Disconnect and grounding switches
Annex F (normative) Instrument transformers
Annex G (normative) Air core reactors
Annex H (normative) Circuit switches
Annex I (normative) Suspended equipment
Annex J (normative) Station batteries and battery racks
Annex K (normative) Surge arresters
Annex L (normative) Substation electronic devices, distribution
        panels and switchboards, and solid-state rectifiers
Annex M (normative) Metalclad switchgear
Annex N (normative) Cable terminators (potheads)
Annex O (normative) Capacitors, series, and shunt compensation
Annex P (normative) Gas-insulated switchgear
Annex Q (normative) Experience-based qualification procedures
        for low-voltage substation equipment
Annex R (informative) Composite and porcelain insulators
Annex S (normative) Analysis report template
Annex T (normative) Test report template
Annex U (informative) Specifications
Annex V (informative) Bibliography

Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

Presents recommendations for the seismic design of substation buildings, structures, and equipment.

General Product Information - (Show below) - (Hide below)

Committee	Substations
Development Note	Supersedes IEEE DRAFT 693. (05/2006)
Document Type	Standard
ISBN
Pages
Published
Publisher	Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
Status	Superseded
Superseded By	IEEE 693-2018 REDLINE
Supersedes	IEEE DRAFT 693 : D9 2004 IEEE 693-1997

Standards Referenced By This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

IEEE 141 : 1993	IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
CSA S832 : 2014	SEISMIC RISK REDUCTION OF OPERATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS (OFCS) OF BUILDINGS
IEEE C37.122.4-2016	IEEE Guide for Application and User Guide for Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines, Rated 72.5 kV and Above
CEI 14-43 : 2011	GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION, SPECIFICATION, AND TESTING OF PHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS
02/210916 DC : DRAFT OCT 2002	IEC 62271-002 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 002: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR RATED VOLTAGES OF 72,5 KV AND ABOVE
IEEE DRAFT 1527 : 0	DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK LOCATED IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
IEEE C37.017-2010	IEEE Standard for Bushings for High-Voltage [over 1000 V (ac)] Circuit Breakers and Gas-Insulated Switchgear
CEI EN 62271-207 : 2014	HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
PD IEC/TR 63042-100:2016	UHV AC transmission systems General information
CSA C60044-5:2007	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 5: CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-5 : 2007 : R2011	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 5: CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
IEEE 1726-2013	IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Fixed-Series Capacitor Banks for Transmission System Applications
IEEE C57.32-2015	IEEE Standard for Requirements, Terminology, and Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding Devices
CSA C60044-8 : 2007 : R2016	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
IEEE 1277-2010	IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-Type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission
IEEE C37.241-2017	IEEE Guide for Application of Optical Instrument Transformers for Protective Relaying
EN 62271-1:2017	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
NFPA 502 : 2017	ROAD TUNNELS, BRIDGES, AND OTHER LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS
IEEE C37.23-2003	IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus
IEC 60143-1:2015	Series capacitors for power systems - Part 1: General
EN 60143-1:2015/AC:2017-05	Series capacitors for power systems - Part 1: General
UFC 3-520-05 : Change 1	UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA - STATIONARY BATTERY AREAS
IEEE 1534-2009 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Specifying Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors
IEEE 1601-2010	IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Optical AC Current and Voltage Sensing Systems
IEEE C37.122.2-2011	IEEE Guide for the Application of Gas-Insulated Substations 1 kV to 52 kV
IEEE C62.11-2012 REDLINE	IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (>1 kV)
IEEE C37.23-2015	IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Bus
TM 5-811-1 : V19950228	ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL - ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
15/30265353 DC : 0	BS EN 62271-1 ED 2 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 1: COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR
01/203455 DC : DRAFT MAY 2001	IEC 60143-1 ED.4.0 - SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS
PD IEC/TR 62001:2009	High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
05/30132701 DC : DRAFT APR 2005	IEC 62271-300 ED 1 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 300: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
IEEE 1031-2011	IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Transmission Static Var Compensators
CSA C60044-8 : 2007 : R2011	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
IEEE C37.100.1-2007	IEEE Standard of Common Requirements for High Voltage Power Switchgear Rated Above 1000 V
IEEE C37.010-1999	IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE C37.302-2015	IEEE Guide for Fault Current Limiter (FCL) Testing of FCLs Rated above 1000 V AC
IEEE DRAFT C57.93 : D13 2005	INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LIQUID-IMMERSED POWER TRANSFORMERS
CSA C22.3 No. 61936-1 : 2008	POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 KV A.C. - PART 1: COMMON RULES
IEC 62271-1:2017	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1: Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
IEC TS 62271-210:2013	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 210: Seismic qualification for metal enclosed and solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear assemblies for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
UNE-EN 62271-207:2012	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 207: Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
IEEE C57.16-2011	IEEE Standard for Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Dry-Type Air-Core Series-Connected Reactors
IEEE C37.04-1999	IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
IEEE C57.19.00 : 2004	GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR POWER APPARATUS BUSHINGS
14/30310457 DC : 0	BS EN 60143-1 - SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS - PART 1: GENERAL
IEC TR 62001:2009	High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidebook to the specification and design evaluation of A.C. filters
IEEE DRAFT 605 : APR 97	DRAFT STANDARD GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES
09/30211740 DC : 0	BS EN 62271-210 ED1 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 210: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR METAL-ENCLOSED SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 1 KV AND UP TO AND INCLUDING 52 KV
DD IEC/PAS 62001:2004	Guide to the specification and design evaluation of a.c. filters for HVDC systems
IEC TR 62271-300:2006	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 300: Seismic qualification of alternating current circuit-breakers
CSA C60044-2 : 2007	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 2: INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-8 :2007	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 8: ELECTRONIC CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-2 : 2007 : R2011	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 2: INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
IEEE C57.13.5-2009	IEEE Standard of Performance and Test Requirements for Instrument Transformers of a Nominal System Voltage of 115 kV and Above
I.S. EN 62271-207:2012	HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV (IEC 62271-207:2012 (EQV))
BS EN 62271-1:2017	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Common specifications for alternating current switchgear and controlgear
CSA C61869-1 : 2014	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
IEC 62032:2012	Guide for the Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers
IEEE 3001.2-2017	IEEE Recommended Practice for Evaluating the Electrical Service Requirements of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
IEEE/IEC C37.60-2012	IEEE/IEC International Standard - High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 111: Automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV
BS EN 62271-2:2003	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Seismic qualification for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above
05/30134423 DC : DRAFT JUN 2005	IEC 62271-207 - HV SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
CSA C22.3 No. 61936-1 : 2008 : R2015	POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING 1 KV A.C. - PART 1: COMMON RULES
PD IEC/TS 61463:2016	Bushings. Seismic qualification
IEC TS 61463:2016	Bushings - Seismic qualification
UFC 3-310-04 : Change 1	UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA - SEISMIC DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS
CSA C60044-7 : 2007 : R2016	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
BS EN 62271-207:2012	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
CSA C60044-7 : 2007 : R2011	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-7 : 2007	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 7: ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-1 : 2007 : R2011	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
CSA C60044-1 : 2007	INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - PART 1: CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
IEEE C37.12-2008 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for Specifications of High-Voltage Circuit Breakers (over 1000 Volts)
IEC 62271-111:2012	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 111: Automatic circuit reclosers and fault interrupters for alternating current systems up to 38 kV
IEC TR 62001-4:2016	High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems - Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters - Part 4: Equipment
IEC PAS 62001:2004	Guide to the specification and design evaluation of a.c. filters for HVDC systems
IEC TR 63042-100:2016	UHV AC transmission systems - Part 100: General information
IEC 62271-2:2003	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Seismic qualification for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above
IEEE 241 : 1990	ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
IEEE C57.21 : 2008	REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR SHUNT REACTORS RATED OVER 500 KVA
BS EN 60143-1:2015	Series capacitors for power systems General
IEEE 1527-2006	IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Flexible Buswork Located in Seismically Active Areas
10/30232728 DC : 0	BS EN 62271-207 ED 2 - HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV
PD IEC/TS 62271-210:2013	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear Seismic qualification for metal enclosed and solid-insulation enclosed switchgear and controlgear assemblies for rated voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
IEEE C37.016-2006	IEEE Standard for AC High Voltage Circuit Switchers rated 15.5kV through 245kV
PD IEC/TR 62001-4:2016	High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems. Guidance to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters Equipment
IEEE C37.122.1-2014 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for Gas-Insulated Substations Rated Above 52 kV
16/30349321 DC : 0	BS EN 60076-11 ED 2.0 - POWER TRANSFORMERS - PART 11: DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
IEEE 1187-2013 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE 1303-2011	IEEE Guide for Static Var Compensator Field Tests
IEEE C57.93-2007	IEEE Guide for Installation and Maintenance of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers
IEEE 1106-2015 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE C57.135-2011	IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers
I.S. EN 60143-1:2015	SERIES CAPACITORS FOR POWER SYSTEMS - PART 1: GENERAL
IEEE 1585 : 2002	FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE (1-35 KV) ELECTRONIC SERIES DEVICES FOR COMPENSATION OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
IEEE 1623-2004	IEEE Guide for the Functional Specification of Medium Voltage (1 kV - 35 kV) Electronic Shunt Devices for Dynamic Voltage Compensation
IEEE C93.3-2017	IEEE Standard Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Line Traps (30 kHz to 500 kHz)
I.S. EN 62271-1:2017	HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 1: COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR
IEEE C37.21-2005	IEEE Standard for Control Switchboards
IEEE C37.20.1-2015 REDLINE	IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1000 Vac and below, 3200 Vdc and below) Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear
IEC 62271-207:2012	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 207: Seismic qualification for gas-insulated switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV
EN 62271-207:2012	HIGH-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR - PART 207: SEISMIC QUALIFICATION FOR GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES FOR RATED VOLTAGES ABOVE 52 KV (IEC 62271-207:2012)
EN 62271-2:2003	High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2: Seismic qualification for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above
IEEE C37.010-2016	IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers > 1000 Vac Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE 946-2020	IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications
IEEE C57.13-2016	IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers
IEEE 605-2008	IEEE Guide for Bus Design in Air Insulated Substations
IEEE C57.21-2008	IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA

Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

IEEE C37.90.1-2002	IEEE Standard Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
IEEE C57.16-1996	IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Dry-Type Air-Core Series-Connected Reactors
IEEE C37.32-2002	American National Standard for High Voltage Switches, Bus Supports, and Accessories Schedules of Preferred Ratings, Construction Guidelines, and Specifications
IEEE 1187-2013 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE 518-1982	IEEE Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Electrical Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources
IEEE C62.11-1999	IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating Current Power Circuits (>1KV)
IEEE 1106-2015 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE C37.20.2-2015	IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear
IEEE C57.12.00-2000	IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
IEEE C57.16-2011	IEEE Standard for Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Dry-Type Air-Core Series-Connected Reactors
IEC 61109:2008	Insulators for overhead lines - Composite suspension and tension insulators for a.c. systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1 000 V - Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria
IEC 60672-3:1997	Ceramic and glass-insulating materials - Part 3: Specifications for individual materials
IEEE C57.12.00-2015	IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
IEEE C57.19.00 : 2004	GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR POWER APPARATUS BUSHINGS
IEEE 344-2013	IEEE Standard for Seismic Qualification of Equipment for Nuclear Power Generating Stations
IEEE 1527-2006	IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Flexible Buswork Located in Seismically Active Areas
IEEE 1036-2010	IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Power Capacitors
IEEE 48-1996	IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Requirements for Alternating-Current Cable Terminations 2.5 kV Through 765 kV
IEEE C57.21-1990	IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA
ASTM D 2303 : 2013	Standard Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials
NEMA SG 4:2009(R2013)	ALTERNATING CURRENT HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
IEEE 824-1994	IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems
IEEE 484-2002	IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE C37.90.2:2004	WITHSTAND CAPABILITY OF RELAY SYSTEMS TO RADIATED ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FROM TRANSCEIVERS
IEEE C37.06-2009	AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS RATED ON A SYMMETRICAL CURRENT BASIS - PREFERRED RATINGS AND RELATED REQUIRED CAPABILITIES
IEEE C37.09-1999	IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis
IEEE 1133-1988	IEEE Application Guide for Evaluating Nonceramic Materials for High-Voltage Outdoor Applications
IEEE C37.20.2-1999	IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear
IEEE C37.90.1-2012	IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus
IEEE 1036-1992	IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors
ANSI/NEMA C93.1-1999	American National Standard for Requirements for Power-Line Carrier Coupling Capacitors and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CCVTs)
IEEE 450-2010 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE C37.122-1993	IEEE Standard for Gas-Insulated Substations
IEEE C57.13-1993	IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers
IEC 60587:2007	Electrical insulating materials used under severe ambient conditions - Test methods for evaluating resistance to tracking and erosion
IEEE C57.21 : 2008	REQUIREMENTS, TERMINOLOGY, AND TEST CODE FOR SHUNT REACTORS RATED OVER 500 KVA
AWS D1.1 : 2000	STRUCTURAL WELDING CODE - STEEL

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