IEEE C37.91-2008 REDLINE
Superseded
A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.
View Superseded by
IEEE Guide for Protecting Power Transformers
07-08-2021
English
30-05-2008
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1 Overview
1.1 Scope
1.2 Purpose
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Device numbers
5 Philosophy and economic considerations
6 Types of failures in transformers
7 Relay currents
7.1 Minimum internal faults
7.2 Maximum internal faults
7.3 Performance of current transformers
7.4 Reasons for mismatch
8 Electrical detection of faults
8.1 Fuse protection and self-powered resettable fault
interrupters
8.2 Differential protection
8.3 Overcurrent relay protection
8.4 Ground-fault protection
8.5 Fault detection for special-purpose transformers
8.6 Backup and external fault protection
8.7 Temperature relays
8.8 Miscellaneous
9 Mechanical detection of faults
9.1 Gas accumulator relay
9.2 Gas detector relay
9.3 Pressure relays
10 Thermal detection of abnormalities
10.1 Thermal relays for winding temperature
10.2 Other means of thermal protection
11 Fault clearing
11.1 Relay tripping circuits
11.2 Circuit breakers
11.3 Tripping of remote circuit breakers
11.4 Circuit switcher
11.5 Fuses
11.6 Self-powered resettable fault interrupters
12 Reenergizing practice
13 Gas analysis
13.1 Level of TDCG and rate of change of TDCG approach
13.2 Ratio of gases approach
14 Special protective schemes
14.1 Overall unit generator differential
14.2 Unit transformer of three-legged core form type
14.3 Grounding transformer inside the main transformer
differential zone
14.4 Unbalanced voltage protection for wye-connected,
three-legged, core-type transformers
14.5 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
connected in three-phase banks
14.6 Differential protection of a bank of three single-phase
autotransformers with delta tertiary
14.7 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
in a three-phase bank with a spare transformer protection
of power transformers
15 Other considerations
Annex A (informative) Application of the transformer
through-fault-current duration guide to the
Annex B (informative) Transformer failure statistics
Annex C (informative) Examples of setting transformer protection
relays
Annex D (informative) Thermal overload protection
Annex E (informative) Phase shift and zero-sequence compensation
in differential relays
Annex F (informative) Bibliography
Annex G (informative) Additional sources of information
Presents general philosophy, practical applications, and economic considerations involved in power transformer protection.
| Committee |
Power System Relaying and Control
|
| DevelopmentNote |
Supersedes IEEE DRAFT C37.91. (09/2008)
|
| DocumentType |
Standard
|
| Pages |
168
|
| PublisherName |
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
|
| Status |
Superseded
|
| SupersededBy | |
| Supersedes |
| IEEE 141 : 1993 | IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants |
| IEEE 741-2007 | IEEE Standard Criteria for the Protection of Class 1E Power Systems and Equipment in Nuclear Power Generating Stations |
| IEEE 1268-2005 | IEEE Guide for Safety in the Installation of Mobile Substation Equipment |
| IEEE DRAFT C37.95 : D6 99 | DRAFT GUIDE FOR PROTECTIVE RELAYING OF UTILITY CONSUMER INTERCONNECTIONS |
| IEEE C37.113-1999 | IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines |
| IEEE DRAFT 1147 : D8 2005 | GUIDE FOR THE REHABILITATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS |
| IEEE 1566-2015 | IEEE Standard for Performance of Adjustable-Speed AC Drives Rated 375 kW and Larger |
| IEEE C57.109-1993 | IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Through-Fault-Current Duration |
| IEEE DRAFT C37.108 : D6 98 | DRAFT GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF NETWORK TRANSFORMERS |
| NEMA ICS 3.1 : 2009(R2014) | GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION, HANDLING, STORAGE, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF MEDIUM-VOLTAGE AC CONTACTORS, CONTROLLERS, AND CONTROL CENTERS |
| IEEE C57.12.11-1980 | IEEE Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed Transformers (10 MVA and Larger, 69-287 kV Rating) |
| IEEE DRAFT C37.102 : D8 2006 | AC GENERATOR PROTECTION |
| IEEE C37.102-2006 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection |
| IEEE C57.12.59-2015 | IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration |
| IEEE C57.125-2015 | IEEE Guide for Failure Investigation, Documentation, Analysis, and Reporting for Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors |
| IEEE C37.104-2012 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for Automatic Reclosing of Circuit Breakers for AC Distribution and Transmission Lines |
| IEEE C37.121-2012 | GUIDE FOR SWITCHGEAR - UNIT SUBSTATION - REQUIREMENTS |
| IEEE C37.230-2007 | IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Distribution Lines |
| IEEE C37.233 : 2009 | GUIDE FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION TESTING |
| IEEE C37.234-2009 | IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power System Buses |
| IEEE 242-2001 | IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book) |
| IEEE 1147-2005 | IEEE Guide for the Rehabilitation of Hydroelectric Power Plants |
| IEEE C37.246-2017 | IEEE Guide for Protection Systems of Transmission-to-Generation Interconnections |
| IEEE DRAFT 741 : D1 2006 | CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF CLASS 1E POWER SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IN NUCLEAR POWER GENERATING STATIONS |
| IEEE C37.95-2014 | IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility-Consumer Interconnections |
| IEEE C37.121-2012 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for Switchgear - Unit Substation - Requirements |
| IEEE 741-2017 | IEEE Standard for Criteria for the Protection of Class 1E Power Systems and Equipment in Nuclear Power Generating Stations |
| IEEE C37.245-2018 | IEEE Guide for the Application of Protective Relaying for Phase-Shifting Transformers |
| IEEE C37.108-2002 | IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers |
| IEEE C37.102-2006 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection |
| IEEE C37.112-1996 | IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays |
| IEEE 32-1972 | IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding Devices |
| IEEE C37.110-2007 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes |
| IEEE C57.13.3-2005 | IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases |
| IEEE C57.13.3-2014 | IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases |
| IEEE C57.104-1991 | IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers |
| IEEE C57.12.00-2015 | IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers |
| IEEE C57.91-2011 REDLINE | IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators |
| IEEE C37.2-1996 | IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations |
| IEEE C57.104-2008 | IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers |
| IEEE C37.119-2005 | IEEE Guide for Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers |
| IEEE C57.109-1993 | IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Through-Fault-Current Duration |
| IEEE C57.91-1995 | IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers |
| IEEE C37.103-2015 | IEEE Guide for Differential and Polarizing Relay Circuit Testing |
| IEEE C57.12.00-2006 | IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers |
| IEEE C37.103-2004 | IEEE Guide for Differential and Polarizing Relay Circuit Testing |
| IEEE C37.113-1999 | IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines |
| IEEE C57.135-2011 | IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers |
| IEEE C57.110-2008 REDLINE | IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents |
| IEEE C37.100-1992 | IEEE Standard Definitions for Power Switchgear |
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