IEEE DRAFT C37.91 : D7.0 2006

Superseded

Superseded A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

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PROTECTING POWER TRANSFORMERS

Available format(s):

Superseded date: 30-05-2008

Language(s):

Published date: 12-01-2013

Publisher: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers

Table of Contents - (Show below) - (Hide below)

1 Overview
   1.1 Scope
   1.2 Purpose
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Device Numbers
5 Philosophy and economic considerations
6 Types of failures in transformers
7 Relay currents
   7.1 Minimum internal faults
   7.2 Maximum internal faults
   7.3 Through faults
   7.4 Performance of CTs
   7.5 Reasons for mismatch
8 Electrical detection of faults
   8.1 Fuse protection and self-powered re-settable fault
        interrupters
   8.2 Differential protection
   8.3 Overcurrent relay protection
   8.4 Ground fault protection
   8.5 Fault detection for special purpose transformers
   8.6 Backup and external fault protection
   8.7 Temperature relays
   8.8 Miscellaneous relays
9 Mechanical detection of faults
   9.1 Gas accumulator relay
   9.2 Gas detector relay
   9.3 Pressure relays
10 Thermal detection of abnormalities
   10.1 Thermal relays for winding temperature
   10.2 Other means of thermal protection
   10.3 Testing thermal relays
11 Fault clearing
   11.1 Relay tripping circuits
   11.2 Circuit breakers
   11.3 Tripping of remote circuit breakers
   11.4 Circuit switcher
   11.5 Fuses
   11.6 Self-powered re-settable fault interrupters
12 Re-energizing practice
13 Gas analysis
14 Special protective schemes
   14.1 Overall unit generator differential
   14.2 Unit transformer of three legged core form type
   14.3 Grounding transformer inside the main transformer
        differential zone
   14.4 Unbalanced voltage protection for wye connected three
        legged core type transformers
   14.5 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
        connected in three-phase banks
   14.6 Differential protection of a bank of three single
        phase autotransformers with delta tertiary
   14.7 Differential protection of single-phase transformers
        in a three-phase bank with a spare transformer
15 Other considerations
Annex A (informative) Application of the transformer
        through-fault current duration guide to the protection
        of power transformers
Annex B (informative) Transformer failure statistics
Annex C (informative) Examples of setting transformer protection
        relays
      C.1 Electromechanical relays for protecting a step up
          transformer
      C.2 Setting relays for a network autotransformer
      C.3 Relay settings for a distribution transformer
Annex D (informative) Thermal overload protection
      D.1 General theory
      D.2 Winding temperature monitoring on transformer with OLTC
      D.3 Limitations of traditional winding temperature indicator
      D.4 Protection
      D.5 Digital relays for transformer thermal winding protection
      D.6 Measuring temperature with imbedded RTD sensors
Annex E (informative) Internal phase shift and zero sequence
        compensation in numerical relays
      E.1 An example
      E.2 Reasons for using internal compensation
      E.3 Differential current compensation connections
      E.4 Examples
Annex F (informative) BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annex G (informative) Additional sources of information
      G.1 General information
      G.2 Fault detection
      G.3 Pressure and gas analysis
      G.4 Overvoltage

Abstract - (Show below) - (Hide below)

Presents general philosophy, practical applications, and economic considerations involved in power transformer protection.

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Comment Closes On
Document Type	Draft
ISBN
Pages
Published
Publisher	Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
Status	Superseded
Superseded By	IEEE C37.91-2008 REDLINE

Standards Referencing This Book - (Show below) - (Hide below)

IEEE C37.108-2002	IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers
IEEE C37.102-2006 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection
IEEE C37.112-1996	IEEE Standard Inverse-Time Characteristic Equations for Overcurrent Relays
IEEE C57.12.01-2015 REDLINE	IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
IEEE C57.13.3-2014 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases
IEC 60599:2015	Mineral oil-filled electrical equipment in service - Guidance on the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis
IEEE C57.12.00-2015	IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
IEEE C57.91-2011 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators
IEEE C57.12.90-2010	IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers
IEEE C57.104-2008	IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers
IEEE 242-2001	IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
IEEE C37.119-2005	IEEE Guide for Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers
IEEE C2-2017	NATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY CODE (NESC)(R)
IEEE C37.40-2003	IEEE Standard Service Conditions and Definitions for High-Voltage Fuses, Distribution Enclosed Single-Pole Air Switches, Fuse Disconnecting Switches, and Accessories
IEEE C57.92-1981	IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Up to and Including 100 MVA with 55 C or 65 C Average Winding Rise
IEEE 142 : 2007	GROUNDING OF INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS
IEEE C57.109-1993	IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Through-Fault-Current Duration
NFPA 70 : 2017	NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE
IEEE C37.103-2015 REDLINE	IEEE Guide for Differential and Polarizing Relay Circuit Testing
IEEE C57.12.91-2011	IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers
IEEE C37.113-1999	IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines
IEEE C57.110-2008 REDLINE	IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents

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