EN 1435:1997/A2:2003

Foreword to EN 1435:1997
Foreword to EN 1435:A1/1997:2002
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Definitions
4 Classification of radiographic techniques
5 General
  5.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
  5.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
  5.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
  5.4 Identification of radiographs
  5.5 Marking
  5.6 Overlap of films
  5.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQI)
  5.8 Evaluation of image quality
  5.9 Minimum image quality values
  5.10 Personnel qualification
6 Recommended techniques for making radiographs
  6.1 Test arrangements
       6.1.1 General
       6.1.2 Radiation source located in front of the object and
             with the film on the opposite side
       6.1.3 Radiation source located outside the object and with
             the film inside
       6.1.4 Radiation source centrally located inside the object
             and with the film outside
       6.1.5 Radiation source located off-centre inside the object
             and with the film outside
       6.1.6 Elliptic technique
       6.1.7 Perpendicular technique
       6.1.8 Radiation source located outside the object and with
             the film on the opposite side
       6.1.9 Technique for different material thicknesses
  6.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
       6.2.1 X-ray devices
       6.2.2 Other radiation sources
  6.3 Film systems and screens
  6.4 Alignment of beam
  6.5 Reduction of a scattered radiation
       6.5.1 Filters and collimators
       6.5.2 Interception of back scattered radiation
  6.6 Source-to-object distance
  6.7 Maximum area for a single exposure
  6.8 Density of radiograph
  6.9 Processing
  6.10 Film viewing conditions
7 Test report
Annex A (normative) Recommended number of exposures which
         give an acceptable test of a circumferential
         butt weld
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values
Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard
         addressing essential requirements or other provisions
         of EU directives

Defines fundamental techniques of radiography in order to enable the economic obtaining of satisfactory and repeatable results based on generally recognised practice and fundamental subject theory. Applicable to radiographic examination of fusion welded joints in metallic materials.